[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"term-large-pores":3,"glossary-list::en":32,"ingredients-list::en":952},{"id":4,"slug":5,"category":6,"related_slugs":7,"translations":12,"approved_at":22,"published_at":22,"indexed_at":22,"created_at":23,"updated_at":24,"related":25},241,"large-pores","concerns",[8,9,10,11],"niacinamide","beta-hydroxy-acid","sebum","sebaceous-filaments",{"en":13,"ru":16,"tr":19},{"body":14,"title":15},"\u003Cp>Enlarged pores are follicle openings that appear more visible or wider than usual, most often across the nose, cheeks and forehead.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Pore size is influenced by several factors that are largely not under direct control. Higher sebum production can stretch the pore opening, while a loss of skin firmness with age allows pores to look larger as the surrounding support weakens. Trapped oil and dead cells, sometimes forming sebaceous filaments, can also make individual pores stand out. Genetics and sun-related changes play a role too, and pores cannot truly be closed or permanently shrunk.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Care aims to keep pores clear and support skin quality so they appear less prominent.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Beta hydroxy acid can help dissolve oil and debris inside the follicle, reducing the look of congestion.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Niacinamide is often used to help regulate the appearance of oiliness and refine how pores look.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Daily sun protection supports the firmness and structure that keep pores looking tighter.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp>Expectations are best kept realistic: routines can soften the appearance of pores but will not eliminate them, and harsh scrubbing or squeezing may irritate skin and make matters worse. For prominent, texture-related concerns, in-clinic options can be discussed with a qualified professional.\u003C\u002Fp>","Enlarged Pores",{"body":17,"title":18},"\u003Cp>Расширенные поры — это устья фолликулов, которые выглядят более заметными или широкими, чем обычно, чаще всего на носу, щеках и лбу.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Размер пор зависит от нескольких факторов, во многом не поддающихся прямому контролю. Повышенная выработка себума может растягивать устье поры, а потеря упругости кожи с возрастом позволяет порам казаться крупнее по мере ослабления окружающей поддержки. Скопившийся жир и отмершие клетки, иногда образующие сальные нити, тоже делают отдельные поры заметнее. Свою роль играют наследственность и связанные с солнцем изменения, а по-настоящему закрыть или навсегда уменьшить поры невозможно.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Уход стремится поддерживать поры чистыми и улучшать качество кожи, чтобы они выглядели менее выраженными.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Бета-гидроксикислота помогает растворять жир и загрязнения внутри фолликула, уменьшая вид застойных явлений.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Ниацинамид часто применяют для регулирования видимой жирности и уточнения внешнего вида пор.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Ежедневная защита от солнца поддерживает упругость и структуру, благодаря которым поры выглядят более подтянутыми.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp>Ожидания лучше держать реалистичными: уход может смягчить вид пор, но не устранит их, а грубое трение или выдавливание способны раздражать кожу и ухудшать состояние. При выраженных, связанных с текстурой проблемах клинические процедуры можно обсудить с квалифицированным специалистом.\u003C\u002Fp>","Расширенные поры",{"body":20,"title":21},"\u003Cp>Geniş gözenekler, genellikle burun, yanaklar ve alında olağandan daha belirgin ya da geniş görünen kıl kökü açıklıklarıdır.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Gözenek boyutu büyük ölçüde doğrudan kontrol edilemeyen birkaç etkenden etkilenir. Daha yüksek sebum üretimi gözenek açıklığını genişletebilirken, yaşla birlikte cilt sıkılığının azalması, çevredeki destek zayıfladıkça gözeneklerin daha büyük görünmesine yol açar. Bazen yağ tıkaçları oluşturan hapsolmuş yağ ve ölü hücreler de tek tek gözenekleri öne çıkarabilir. Genetik ve güneşe bağlı değişiklikler de rol oynar; gözenekler gerçekte kapatılamaz veya kalıcı olarak küçültülemez.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Bakım, gözenekleri temiz tutmayı ve daha az belirgin görünmeleri için cilt kalitesini desteklemeyi amaçlar.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Beta hidroksi asit kıl kökü içindeki yağ ve kalıntıyı çözmeye yardımcı olarak konjesyon görünümünü azaltabilir.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Niacinamide yağlılık görünümünü düzenlemeye ve gözeneklerin görünümünü inceltmeye yardımcı olmak için sıkça kullanılır.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Günlük güneş koruması, gözenekleri daha sıkı gösteren sıkılığı ve yapıyı destekler.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp>Beklentileri gerçekçi tutmak en iyisidir: rutinler gözeneklerin görünümünü yumuşatabilir ama onları yok etmez; sert ovalama veya sıkma cildi tahriş edip durumu kötüleştirebilir. Belirgin, dokuyla ilişkili kaygılar için klinik seçenekler nitelikli bir uzmanla görüşülebilir.\u003C\u002Fp>","Geniş Gözenekler","2026-07-25T00:00:00.000000Z","2026-07-29T19:57:20.000000Z","2026-08-05T14:31:44.000000Z",[26,28,30],{"slug":9,"title":27},"Beta Hydroxy Acid (BHA)",{"slug":10,"title":29},"Sebum (Skin Oil)",{"slug":11,"title":31},"Sebaceous Filaments",[33,39,43,48,52,57,62,66,70,74,78,82,86,90,94,98,101,105,109,113,117,121,125,129,133,137,141,147,151,155,159,163,167,170,174,177,182,186,190,194,198,201,205,209,212,216,220,225,229,233,237,240,244,248,252,256,260,264,268,272,277,281,285,289,294,299,303,307,311,315,319,323,327,332,336,340,344,347,351,355,359,363,367,371,375,380,385,389,393,397,400,401,406,409,414,417,420,423,426,429,434,438,441,444,447,451,454,458,461,464,467,470,473,476,479,483,488,491,494,497,500,503,506,509,512,515,518,521,524,527,530,533,536,539,542,545,548,551,554,557,560,565,568,571,574,579,582,586,590,593,596,599,602,606,609,612,615,618,621,624,628,632,635,638,641,644,647,650,653,654,657,661,664,668,671,675,678,681,685,688,691,695,699,702,705,708,711,714,717,720,723,726,729,732,735,738,743,746,749,752,755,758,761,764,767,770,774,777,780,783,786,789,792,795,798,802,805,809,812,815,816,820,821,824,827,830,833,836,839,843,846,849,852,855,858,861,864,867,870,874,877,880,884,887,890,893,897,900,904,908,911,914,917,921,924,928,931,935,939,942,945,949],{"slug":34,"category":35,"title":36,"meta_description":37,"updated_at":38},"111skin","formulation","111Skin","111Skin: the British luxury skincare brand founded by a London plastic surgeon, known for its sheet masks, antioxidant complex and premium price.","2026-08-05T14:31:43+00:00",{"slug":40,"category":35,"title":41,"meta_description":42,"updated_at":38},"3ce","3CE (3 Concept Eyes)","3CE (3 Concept Eyes): the Korean colour cosmetics brand from Stylenanda, known for velvet lip tints, mood palettes and editorial packaging.",{"slug":44,"category":45,"title":46,"meta_description":47,"updated_at":38},"7-skin-method","routine","7-skin method","The 7-skin method: patting several thin layers of a hydrating toner into the skin instead of one heavy layer, then sealing with moisturiser.",{"slug":49,"category":35,"title":50,"meta_description":51,"updated_at":38},"acetone-free-remover","Acetone-free remover","Acetone-free remover: nail polish remover built on milder solvents than acetone — slower to work, but usually less drying to nails and skin.",{"slug":53,"category":54,"title":55,"meta_description":56,"updated_at":38},"acetyl-hexapeptide-8","actives","Acetyl hexapeptide-8","Acetyl hexapeptide-8 (Argireline): a synthetic peptide used for the look of expression lines. Effects are subtle, gradual and cosmetic only.",{"slug":58,"category":59,"title":60,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":38},"acid-mantle","skin-science","Acid Mantle",null,{"slug":63,"category":59,"title":64,"meta_description":65,"updated_at":38},"acidic-mantle-protection","Acid mantle protection","Acid mantle protection: keeping the skin's slightly acidic surface film intact with gentle low-pH cleansing and fewer active products at once.",{"slug":67,"category":6,"title":68,"meta_description":69,"updated_at":38},"acne","Acne","Acne: pores blocked by sebum and dead skin cells, often inflamed. Gentle care, one active at a time, and a dermatologist for severe cases.",{"slug":71,"category":35,"title":72,"meta_description":73,"updated_at":38},"acne-cream","Acne cream","Acne cream: an anti-acne active in a richer, emollient base that is gentler on dry or sensitive skin than a gel. Pair it with daily sunscreen.",{"slug":75,"category":35,"title":76,"meta_description":77,"updated_at":38},"acne-gel","Acne gel","Acne gel: a light, fast-absorbing base carrying an anti-acne active, suited to oily skin. Start slowly and always pair it with daily sunscreen.",{"slug":79,"category":35,"title":80,"meta_description":81,"updated_at":38},"acne-patch","Acne patch","Acne patch: a hydrocolloid sticker that absorbs fluid and stops picking. Useful on open whiteheads, but not a treatment for acne itself.",{"slug":83,"category":6,"title":84,"meta_description":85,"updated_at":38},"acne-scars","Acne scars","Acne scars: lasting texture change from dermal damage, unlike flat post-acne marks. Prevention and in-clinic options matter most here.",{"slug":87,"category":45,"title":88,"meta_description":89,"updated_at":38},"acne-skincare-routine","Acne skincare routine","Acne skincare routine: gentle cleansing, one active, a light moisturiser and daily sunscreen — introduced slowly and judged over several weeks.",{"slug":91,"category":6,"title":92,"meta_description":93,"updated_at":38},"actinic-keratosis","Actinic keratosis","Actinic keratosis: a rough, scaly patch from long-term sun exposure. A medical condition — have persistent lesions checked by a doctor.",{"slug":95,"category":35,"title":96,"meta_description":97,"updated_at":38},"activated-charcoal","Activated charcoal","Activated charcoal: a porous carbon in masks and cleansers that adsorbs surface oil. What it can realistically do for pores, and what it cannot.",{"slug":99,"category":45,"title":100,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":38},"actives-rotation","Actives Rotation",{"slug":102,"category":54,"title":103,"meta_description":104,"updated_at":38},"adapalene","Adapalene","Adapalene: a synthetic retinoid for acne that acts on how pores shed cells. How it is used, the adjustment period, and its key safety caveats.",{"slug":106,"category":54,"title":107,"meta_description":108,"updated_at":38},"adapalene-gel","Adapalene gel","Adapalene gel: the light, water-based form of the acne retinoid adapalene. How the vehicle differs from cream, how it is applied, and what to watch.",{"slug":110,"category":35,"title":111,"meta_description":112,"updated_at":38},"aesop","Aesop","Aesop: the Australian botanical skincare brand explained — its aromatic, essential-oil-led formulas and what that means for fragrance-sensitive skin.",{"slug":114,"category":35,"title":115,"meta_description":116,"updated_at":38},"aestura","Aestura","Aestura: the Korean dermocosmetic brand known for ceramide barrier moisturisers — how the formulas are built and where cosmetics stop and medicine starts.",{"slug":118,"category":45,"title":119,"meta_description":120,"updated_at":38},"after-sun-care","After-sun care","After-sun care: cooling, rehydrating and barrier support after UV exposure — what it can realistically do, what to pause, and when to see a doctor.",{"slug":122,"category":35,"title":123,"meta_description":124,"updated_at":38},"after-sun-gel","After-sun gel","After-sun gel: the light aloe-and-water texture used after sun exposure. What is in it, why gel alone is rarely enough, and when to avoid it.",{"slug":126,"category":35,"title":127,"meta_description":128,"updated_at":38},"aftershave-balm","Aftershave balm","Aftershave balm: a leave-on lotion for freshly shaved skin. How it differs from an alcohol splash, what is in it, and what to avoid after shaving.",{"slug":130,"category":6,"title":131,"meta_description":132,"updated_at":38},"age-spots","Age spots","Age spots (solar lentigines): flat dark patches left by years of UV exposure. How they form, which routine steps help their look, and when to see a doctor.",{"slug":134,"category":6,"title":135,"meta_description":136,"updated_at":38},"aging-skin","Aging skin","Aging skin: how intrinsic and sun-driven change affects firmness, texture and tone, which routine steps matter most, and the cautions to keep in mind.",{"slug":138,"category":35,"title":139,"meta_description":140,"updated_at":38},"alastin","Alastin","Alastin: a US clinic-distributed professional skincare brand. What physician-dispensed cosmeceutical ranges are, and how to read them without brand hype.",{"slug":142,"category":143,"title":144,"meta_description":145,"updated_at":146},"allergen-declaration","safety","Allergen declaration","Allergen declaration: why fragrance allergens like linalool or limonene are listed by name after parfum, what the rule means, and what it does not mean.","2026-08-13T03:15:01+00:00",{"slug":148,"category":143,"title":149,"meta_description":150,"updated_at":146},"allergen-free","Allergen-free","Allergen-free: an unregulated claim that means different things on different packs. What it usually excludes and why the INCI list is a better check.",{"slug":152,"category":35,"title":153,"meta_description":154,"updated_at":38},"aloe-barbadensis","Aloe Barbadensis","Aloe Barbadensis: the INCI root behind aloe leaf juice, extract and water. What each form means on a label and why raw plant sap is not the same thing.",{"slug":156,"category":45,"title":157,"meta_description":158,"updated_at":38},"aloe-vera-after-sun","Aloe vera after sun","Aloe vera after sun: aloe-based gels used to cool and soothe skin after sun exposure. A comfort step only, not a treatment for a sunburn.",{"slug":160,"category":6,"title":161,"meta_description":162,"updated_at":38},"alopecia","Alopecia","Alopecia: the medical umbrella term for hair loss, covering pattern loss, areata, telogen effluvium and traction. Diagnosis belongs with a doctor.",{"slug":164,"category":54,"title":165,"meta_description":166,"updated_at":38},"alpha-arbutin","Alpha arbutin","Alpha arbutin: a water-soluble ingredient that gradually evens the look of dark spots by acting on tyrosinase. Daily sunscreen is essential with it.",{"slug":168,"category":54,"title":169,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":38},"alpha-hydroxy-acids","Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHAs)",{"slug":171,"category":45,"title":172,"meta_description":173,"updated_at":38},"althea-korea","Althea Korea","Althea Korea: an online retailer shipping K-beauty products from Korea. Where you buy affects authenticity, freshness and which labelling rules apply.",{"slug":175,"category":45,"title":176,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":38},"am-routine","Morning Skincare Routine",{"slug":178,"category":45,"title":179,"meta_description":180,"updated_at":181},"amika","Amika","Amika: an American haircare brand covering shampoo, conditioner, styling and heat protection. Why haircare ingredients matter for scalp and skin.","2026-08-06T03:15:02+00:00",{"slug":183,"category":35,"title":184,"meta_description":185,"updated_at":38},"amino-acid-complex","Amino acid complex","Amino acid complex: a blend of amino acids used as humectants for hydration and conditioning. A marketing label — check the actual ingredient list.",{"slug":187,"category":59,"title":188,"meta_description":189,"updated_at":38},"amino-acids","Amino acids","Amino acids: protein building blocks and a key part of skin's natural moisturising factor, used topically as humectants and conditioning agents.",{"slug":191,"category":45,"title":192,"meta_description":193,"updated_at":181},"amorepacific","Amorepacific","Amorepacific: the South Korean beauty group behind brands like Sulwhasoo, Laneige and Innisfree, and a driver of K-beauty routines worldwide.",{"slug":195,"category":45,"title":196,"meta_description":197,"updated_at":181},"amorepacific-mall","Amorepacific Mall","Amorepacific Mall: the Korean beauty group’s official online store, and why buying through official channels makes batch codes and INCI easier to check.",{"slug":199,"category":35,"title":200,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":38},"ampoule","Ampoule",{"slug":202,"category":45,"title":203,"meta_description":204,"updated_at":181},"amuse","Amuse","Amuse: the South Korean makeup brand built around vegan formulation, what a vegan claim actually covers, and how it differs from cruelty-free.",{"slug":206,"category":45,"title":207,"meta_description":208,"updated_at":181},"anastasia-beverly-hills","Anastasia Beverly Hills","Anastasia Beverly Hills: the US brow-led makeup brand, where the brow-first technique comes from, and how to remove long-wear eye products gently.",{"slug":210,"category":35,"title":211,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":38},"anhydrous","Anhydrous",{"slug":213,"category":35,"title":214,"meta_description":215,"updated_at":38},"animal-derived-ingredients","Animal-Derived Ingredients","Animal-derived ingredients: lanolin, beeswax, carmine, silk and more — why the INCI name rarely reveals the source, and how vegan differs from cruelty-free.",{"slug":217,"category":54,"title":218,"meta_description":219,"updated_at":38},"anthocyanins","Anthocyanins","Anthocyanins: the flavonoid pigments behind berry and purple-plant colour, how they act as antioxidants in the lab, and why they are pH- and light-sensitive.",{"slug":221,"category":45,"title":222,"meta_description":223,"updated_at":224},"anti-aging-routine","Anti-Aging Routine","Anti-aging routine: sunscreen, barrier care, an antioxidant and a retinoid — how to build it slowly, and the caveats around irritation and pregnancy.","2026-08-07T03:15:02+00:00",{"slug":226,"category":35,"title":227,"meta_description":228,"updated_at":38},"anti-aging-serum","Anti-Aging Serum","Anti-aging serum: which ingredients actually recur on the label, where the step sits in a routine, and why layering several strong serums backfires.",{"slug":230,"category":35,"title":231,"meta_description":232,"updated_at":38},"anti-frizz-serum","Anti-Frizz Serum","Anti-frizz serum: why the hair cuticle causes frizz, how silicones and oils form a smoothing film, and how to apply it without weighing hair down.",{"slug":234,"category":45,"title":235,"meta_description":236,"updated_at":224},"anti-pollution-skincare","Anti-Pollution Skincare","Anti-pollution skincare: what the unregulated claim covers, why cleansing, antioxidants and sunscreen do the real work, and where to stay sceptical.",{"slug":238,"category":54,"title":239,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":38},"antioxidant","Antioxidant",{"slug":241,"category":35,"title":242,"meta_description":243,"updated_at":38},"antioxidant-complex","Antioxidant complex","Antioxidant complex: a blend of antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E and ferulic acid, formulated to broaden coverage and keep the formula stable.",{"slug":245,"category":35,"title":246,"meta_description":247,"updated_at":38},"antioxidant-serum","Antioxidant serum","Antioxidant serum: a lightweight leave-on step with vitamin C, vitamin E or niacinamide, usually worn in the morning under moisturiser and sunscreen.",{"slug":249,"category":45,"title":250,"meta_description":251,"updated_at":224},"anua","Anua","Anua: South Korean skincare brand known for heartleaf (Houttuynia cordata) toners, essences and cleansing oils aimed at oily, blemish-prone skin.",{"slug":253,"category":59,"title":254,"meta_description":255,"updated_at":38},"apocrine-glands","Apocrine glands","Apocrine glands: sweat glands in the underarms, groin and areolae that empty into hair follicles; their secretion gains odour once skin bacteria act on it.",{"slug":257,"category":45,"title":258,"meta_description":259,"updated_at":224},"aquaphor","Aquaphor","Aquaphor: a petrolatum-based ointment used as an occlusive layer over dry or chapped skin and as the final sealing step in slugging routines.",{"slug":261,"category":35,"title":262,"meta_description":263,"updated_at":38},"aquatic-fragrance","Aquatic fragrance","Aquatic fragrance: the marine, ozonic scent family built on molecules such as calone — a sensory choice in cosmetics, not a skincare benefit.",{"slug":265,"category":45,"title":266,"meta_description":267,"updated_at":224},"armani-beauty","Armani Beauty","Armani Beauty: the Giorgio Armani cosmetics, fragrance and skincare line produced under licence by L'Oréal Luxe, known for complexion makeup.",{"slug":269,"category":54,"title":270,"meta_description":271,"updated_at":38},"artemisia","Artemisia (mugwort)","Artemisia (mugwort): a botanical extract common in Korean soothing skincare; it belongs to the Asteraceae family, so patch test if you react to ragweed.",{"slug":273,"category":45,"title":274,"meta_description":275,"updated_at":276},"as-i-am","As I Am","As I Am: a US textured-hair and scalp care brand known for co-washing cleansing conditioners and moisture-focused curl products for coily hair.","2026-08-09T03:15:02+00:00",{"slug":278,"category":54,"title":279,"meta_description":280,"updated_at":38},"ascorbyl-palmitate","Ascorbyl palmitate","Ascorbyl palmitate: an oil-soluble vitamin C ester used mostly to protect oils in a formula; evidence for skin brightening is limited compared with others.",{"slug":282,"category":45,"title":283,"meta_description":284,"updated_at":276},"at-home-microdermabrasion","At-home microdermabrasion","At-home microdermabrasion: consumer devices that buff surface skin cells with an abrasive tip and light suction — gentler than the clinic version.",{"slug":286,"category":45,"title":287,"meta_description":288,"updated_at":276},"at-home-peel","At-home peel","At-home peel: a consumer acid exfoliating treatment with AHAs or BHAs, gentler than a professional peel. Space it out, patch test and wear daily SPF.",{"slug":290,"category":45,"title":291,"meta_description":292,"updated_at":293},"at-home-rf-device","At-home RF device","At-home RF device: a handheld radiofrequency tool that warms skin for firmness claims. Evidence is modest and there are real contraindications.","2026-08-10T03:15:01+00:00",{"slug":295,"category":6,"title":296,"meta_description":297,"updated_at":298},"atopic-dermatitis","Atopic dermatitis","Atopic dermatitis (eczema): a chronic inflammatory condition with a weakened barrier and itchy flares. Emollients support care; treatment needs a doctor.","2026-08-05T14:31:44+00:00",{"slug":300,"category":45,"title":301,"meta_description":302,"updated_at":293},"augustinus-bader","Augustinus Bader","Augustinus Bader: luxury skincare brand built around the trademarked TFC8 complex, best known for The Cream and The Rich Cream moisturisers.",{"slug":304,"category":45,"title":305,"meta_description":306,"updated_at":293},"aveda","Aveda","Aveda: US salon hair, scalp and body care brand owned by Estée Lauder, known for plant-derived ingredients and its aromatic essential-oil scents.",{"slug":308,"category":45,"title":309,"meta_description":310,"updated_at":293},"aveeno","Aveeno","Aveeno: US skin and hair care brand built on colloidal oatmeal, widely used in body care for dry, itchy and eczema-prone skin. 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Skincare",{"slug":790,"category":35,"title":791,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"preservative","Preservative",{"slug":793,"category":143,"title":794,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":585},"preservative-efficacy-test","Preservative Efficacy Test",{"slug":796,"category":54,"title":797,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"probiotic-skincare","Probiotic Skincare",{"slug":799,"category":54,"title":800,"meta_description":801,"updated_at":413},"retinization","Retinization","Retinization: the two-to-twelve-week adjustment when skin meets a retinoid, how it differs from purging or an allergy, and how to get through it.",{"slug":803,"category":54,"title":804,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"retinoids","Retinoids",{"slug":806,"category":45,"title":807,"meta_description":808,"updated_at":578},"retinol-sandwich","Retinol Sandwich","Retinol sandwich: buffering a retinoid between two layers of moisturiser slows delivery without weakening the outcome — and when it is worth doing.",{"slug":810,"category":6,"title":811,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"rosacea","Rosacea",{"slug":813,"category":6,"title":814,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"rough-texture","Rough Skin Texture",{"slug":11,"category":6,"title":31,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},{"slug":817,"category":6,"title":818,"meta_description":819,"updated_at":742},"seborrheic-dermatitis","Seborrheic Dermatitis","Seborrheic dermatitis: an immune reaction to Malassezia, not poor hygiene — why washing harder backfires and what actually treats it.",{"slug":10,"category":59,"title":29,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},{"slug":822,"category":6,"title":823,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"sensitive-skin","Sensitive Skin",{"slug":825,"category":35,"title":826,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"serum","Serum",{"slug":828,"category":45,"title":829,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"seven-skin-method","7-Skin Method",{"slug":831,"category":35,"title":832,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"sheet-mask","Sheet Mask",{"slug":834,"category":59,"title":835,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"skin-barrier","Skin Barrier (Moisture Barrier)",{"slug":837,"category":45,"title":838,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"skin-cycling","Skin Cycling",{"slug":840,"category":45,"title":841,"meta_description":842,"updated_at":578},"skin-fasting","Skin Fasting","Skin fasting: the dependency premise does not hold, but the stripped-back routine underneath it is a real diagnostic — with two things you never drop.",{"slug":844,"category":45,"title":845,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"skin-flooding","Skin Flooding",{"slug":847,"category":59,"title":848,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"skin-microbiome","Skin Microbiome",{"slug":850,"category":59,"title":851,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"skin-ph","Skin pH",{"slug":853,"category":6,"title":854,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"skin-purging","Skin Purging",{"slug":856,"category":45,"title":857,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"skincare-layering","Skincare Layering",{"slug":859,"category":35,"title":860,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"sleeping-mask","Sleeping Mask (Overnight Mask)",{"slug":862,"category":45,"title":863,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"slugging","Slugging",{"slug":865,"category":35,"title":866,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":437},"solubilizer","Solubilizer",{"slug":868,"category":143,"title":869,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"spf","SPF (Sun Protection Factor)",{"slug":871,"category":143,"title":872,"meta_description":873,"updated_at":578},"spf-50-vs-30","SPF 50 vs SPF 30","SPF 50 vs 30: about one percentage point in the lab, considerably more in real use — because nobody applies the tested thickness.",{"slug":875,"category":35,"title":876,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"spot-treatment","Spot Treatment",{"slug":878,"category":59,"title":879,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"stratum-corneum","Stratum Corneum",{"slug":881,"category":6,"title":882,"meta_description":883,"updated_at":413},"strawberry-legs","Strawberry legs","Strawberry legs: why legs look dotted, how comedones, shaving, keratosis pilaris and folliculitis differ, and which exfoliants actually help.",{"slug":885,"category":6,"title":886,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"sun-damage","Sun Damage",{"slug":888,"category":35,"title":889,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"sunscreen","Sunscreen",{"slug":891,"category":45,"title":892,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"sunscreen-reapplication","Sunscreen Reapplication",{"slug":894,"category":6,"title":895,"meta_description":896,"updated_at":742},"sunspots","Sunspots","Sunspots: how they differ from melasma and freckles, the realistic topical timeline, and the change that means seeing a dermatologist.",{"slug":898,"category":35,"title":899,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"surfactant","Surfactant",{"slug":901,"category":6,"title":902,"meta_description":903,"updated_at":742},"tech-neck","Tech Neck","Tech neck: posture contributes, but thin skin and skipped sunscreen do more — what topicals soften and what they cannot erase.",{"slug":905,"category":35,"title":906,"meta_description":907,"updated_at":433},"tinted-sunscreen","Tinted Sunscreen","Tinted sunscreen: the iron oxides that cancel white cast also block visible light, which is why it outperforms untinted SPF on melasma.",{"slug":909,"category":35,"title":910,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"toner","Toner",{"slug":912,"category":59,"title":913,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"transepidermal-water-loss","Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL)",{"slug":915,"category":54,"title":916,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"tretinoin","Tretinoin",{"slug":918,"category":45,"title":919,"meta_description":920,"updated_at":564},"two-finger-rule","Two-Finger Rule","The two-finger rule: where the sunscreen quantity comes from, why under-applying costs more protection than it seems to, and where the rule stops.",{"slug":922,"category":54,"title":923,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"tyrosinase-inhibitor","Tyrosinase Inhibitor",{"slug":925,"category":6,"title":926,"meta_description":927,"updated_at":742},"undereye-bags","Under-eye Bags","Under-eye bags: fluid retention versus the orbital fat pad, how to tell which one you have, and the honest limit of what any eye cream can move.",{"slug":929,"category":54,"title":930,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"vitamin-c-derivatives","Vitamin C Derivatives",{"slug":932,"category":35,"title":933,"meta_description":934,"updated_at":433},"vitamin-c-oxidation","Vitamin C Oxidation","Vitamin C oxidation: what the yellow-to-brown colour change actually means for potency, and which of the storage rules are worth following.",{"slug":936,"category":35,"title":937,"meta_description":938,"updated_at":433},"wash-off-mask","Wash-off Mask","Wash-off mask: why the rinse lets it carry a stronger dose than a leave-on product, what each type actually does, and why letting clay dry fully backfires.",{"slug":940,"category":35,"title":941,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"water-cream","Water Cream",{"slug":943,"category":45,"title":944,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":379},"white-cast","White Cast",{"slug":946,"category":6,"title":947,"meta_description":948,"updated_at":384},"whitehead","Whitehead","Whitehead: a sealed comedone that never oxidises — why it is more stubborn than a blackhead, and why squeezing one leaves a mark for months.",{"slug":950,"category":6,"title":951,"meta_description":61,"updated_at":674},"whiteheads","Whiteheads (Closed Comedones)",[953,970,987,1001,1021,1035,1055,1070,1083,1098,1112,1128,1145,1160,1173,1187,1202,1218,1233,1249,1264,1278,1290,1303,1317,1331,1347,1361,1375,1389,1403,1419,1432,1447,1463,1476,1489,1504,1519,1531,1545,1558,1574,1589,1603,1619,1633,1649,1662,1677,1689,1703,1718,1732,1746,1763,1776,1792,1806,1821,1834,1849,1864,1877,1890,1903,1919,1931,1945,1958,1972,1985,1998,2011,2023,2036,2047,2063,2075,2088,2102,2115,2128,2142,2155,2172,2185,2199,2215,2229,2244,2256,2268,2280,2294,2308,2322,2335,2349,2363,2377,2391,2403,2417,2431,2445,2458,2473,2487,2501,2516,2528,2542,2558,2574,2587,2600,2614,2629,2643,2655,2667,2679,2694,2708,2724,2739,2752,2766,2778,2795,2807,2819,2835,2847,2864,2878,2890,2902,2916,2931,2945,2959,2971,2985,2998,3014,3027,3039,3052,3068,3080,3094,3109,3121,3135,3150,3164,3178,3191,3203,3216,3230,3242,3255,3267,3281,3295,3309,3323,3336,3351,3366,3379,3392,3407,3421,3434,3446,3461,3476,3491,3504,3517,3531,3544,3556,3568,3582,3595,3610,3627,3641,3657,3673,3685,3700,3712,3724,3738,3750,3765,3780,3794,3808,3822,3835,3848,3860,3874,3886,3899,3912,3926,3941,3954,3968,3982,3997,4011,4024,4037,4052,4064,4078,4093,4105,4118,4131,4143,4155,4168,4180,4194,4208,4222,4236,4249,4261,4274,4289,4301,4315,4327,4342,4357,4370,4385,4397,4412,4425,4440,4454,4467,4481,4493,4506,4518,4531,4547,4563,4576,4589,4603,4617,4632,4645,4657,4671,4685,4697,4710,4722,4735,4751,4766,4780,4792,4803,4815,4829,4842,4856,4870,4886,4899,4913,4926,4941,4956,4971,4984,4997,5010,5022,5037,5050,5062,5077,5088,5101,5115,5130,5144,5158,5169,5185,5198],{"slug":954,"inci_name":955,"category":619,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":956,"concerns_for":957,"also_known_as":959,"function":961,"title":955,"tldr":964,"meta_description":968,"updated_at":969},"hexanediol","1,2-Hexanediol",[],[958],"dryness",[960],"Hexanediol",[619,962,963],"solvent","preservative-booster",{"does":965,"for_whom":966,"red_flags":967},"A multitasking glycol that hydrates lightly, dissolves ingredients that resist water, and makes the environment less hospitable to microbes. That last property lets formulators lean less on classic preservatives, which is why it shows up so often.","Very common in Korean formulas and in products marketed as 'preservative-free'.","'Preservative-free' claims built on it are more about labelling than chemistry; sensitive skin occasionally reacts to glycols at higher levels.","1,2-Hexanediol hydrates lightly, dissolves stubborn ingredients and supports preservation, which is why it appears so widely.","2026-08-18T18:33:26+00:00",{"slug":971,"inci_name":972,"category":973,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":974,"concerns_for":975,"also_known_as":978,"function":981,"title":972,"tldr":982,"meta_description":986,"updated_at":969},"ethyl-ascorbic-acid","3-O-Ethyl Ascorbic Acid","brightening",[],[633,976,977],"anti_aging","dullness",[979,980],"Ethyl ascorbic acid","EAC",[238,973],{"does":983,"for_whom":984,"red_flags":985},"An ethyl-ether derivative of vitamin C, engineered to stay stable across a normal formulation pH while keeping a structure close to the parent molecule.","People who want vitamin C benefits without the low pH, sting and rapid oxidation of L-ascorbic acid serums.","Its 'stability plus potency' positioning is largely supplier-driven — independently replicated large trials specific to this derivative are sparse.","3-O-Ethyl ascorbic acid explained: how this stable vitamin C derivative works, why its evidence is moderate rather than strong, and usage levels.",{"slug":988,"inci_name":989,"category":973,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":990,"concerns_for":991,"also_known_as":992,"function":993,"title":995,"tldr":996,"meta_description":1000,"updated_at":969},"butylresorcinol","4-Butylresorcinol",[],[633,977],[989],[973,994],"tone-evening","Butylresorcinol",{"does":997,"for_whom":998,"red_flags":999},"A well-studied resorcinol derivative regarded as one of the more effective cosmetic tyrosinase inhibitors for reducing the appearance of stubborn dark spots. It works by limiting pigment enzyme activity.","Those with persistent uneven tone seeking a strong cosmetic brightener.","Can irritate at higher levels; patch test and pair with daily sunscreen.","A well-studied resorcinol derivative regarded as one of the more effective cosmetic tyrosinase inhibitors for reducing the appearance of stubborn dark spots.",{"slug":1002,"inci_name":1003,"category":1004,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":1006,"concerns_for":1008,"also_known_as":1011,"function":1014,"title":1003,"tldr":1016,"meta_description":1020,"updated_at":413},"butylcyclohexanol","4-t-Butylcyclohexanol","soothing",2,[1007],"sensitive",[1009,1010],"redness","irritation",[1012,1013],"SymSitive 1609","trans-4-tert-butylcyclohexanol",[1004,1015],"anti-inflammatory",{"does":1017,"for_whom":1018,"red_flags":1019},"A soothing agent that works on the nerve side of sensitivity rather than the immune side. It damps TRPV1, the receptor on sensory nerve endings that reports heat, acid and capsaicin, which is the channel behind the stinging and burning of reactive skin.","Skin that stings from products more than it visibly reacts to them, and redness-prone or rosacea-prone skin. It is usually formulated alongside licochalcone A from licorice.","It calms a sensation; it does not treat what is causing it. If skin stings because the barrier is damaged or because an active is too strong, damping the signal without fixing the cause just hides the warning.","4-t-Butylcyclohexanol explained: how a TRPV1 antagonist reduces stinging in sensitive skin, what the trials actually showed, and where its limits lie.",{"slug":1022,"inci_name":1023,"category":973,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1024,"concerns_for":1025,"also_known_as":1026,"function":1028,"title":1029,"tldr":1030,"meta_description":1034,"updated_at":969},"acetyl-glucosamine","Acetyl Glucosamine",[],[633,958,977],[1027],"NAG",[973,619,994],"N-Acetyl Glucosamine",{"does":1031,"for_whom":1032,"red_flags":1033},"An amino-sugar that helps even skin tone and supports hydration, and is often paired with niacinamide to enhance the look of a brighter, smoother complexion. It is a building block of skin's natural moisturizing components.","Those addressing uneven tone and dullness, especially alongside niacinamide.","A gentle, supporting brightener; results are gradual.","An amino-sugar that helps even skin tone and supports hydration, and is often paired with niacinamide to enhance the look of a brighter, smoother complexion.",{"slug":1036,"inci_name":1037,"category":1038,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":1039,"concerns_for":1041,"also_known_as":1043,"function":1046,"title":1048,"tldr":1049,"meta_description":1053,"updated_at":1054},"argireline","Acetyl Hexapeptide-8","anti-aging",[1040],"combo",[976,1042],"uneven_texture",[1044,1045],"Acetyl Hexapeptide-3","Botox-like Peptide",[1038,1047],"wrinkle-relaxing","Argireline",{"does":1050,"for_whom":1051,"red_flags":1052},"A synthetic hexapeptide marketed as a topical alternative to neurotoxin injections for expression lines.","Those targeting fine lines from repeated facial movement, such as forehead and crow's feet lines.","Effects are modest compared to injectable treatments; safety data in pregnancy is limited.","Argireline (Acetyl Hexapeptide-8) is a peptide marketed to soften expression lines by reducing muscle-triggered contraction signals.","2026-08-24T02:46:33+00:00",{"slug":1056,"inci_name":1057,"category":1038,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1058,"concerns_for":1059,"also_known_as":1060,"function":1063,"title":1057,"tldr":1064,"meta_description":1068,"updated_at":1069},"acetyl-octapeptide-3","Acetyl Octapeptide-3",[],[976],[1061,1062],"SNAP-8","Acetyl Octapeptide-8",[1038,1047],{"does":1065,"for_whom":1066,"red_flags":1067},"A synthetic eight-amino-acid peptide sold as a topical route to softening expression lines, and closely related in concept to acetyl hexapeptide-8. It is meant to interfere with the signalling that drives repeated muscle contraction.","Forehead and eye-area products aimed at movement lines, for people avoiding injectables.","Most supporting data comes from the ingredient supplier rather than independent trials, and any effect is far smaller than an injected neuromodulator.","Acetyl Octapeptide-3 is a peptide marketed for expression lines; supporting data comes largely from the supplier, not independent trials.","2026-08-18T18:33:27+00:00",{"slug":1071,"inci_name":1072,"category":1038,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1073,"concerns_for":1074,"also_known_as":1075,"function":1076,"title":1072,"tldr":1078,"meta_description":1082,"updated_at":969},"acetyl-tetrapeptide-5","Acetyl Tetrapeptide-5",[],[976],[],[1038,1077],"de-puffing",{"does":1079,"for_whom":1080,"red_flags":1081},"A peptide used mainly in eye products to support the look of firmer, less puffy skin and reduce the appearance of under-eye shadows. It is positioned for the delicate eye area.","Those addressing under-eye puffiness and fine lines.","A gentle cosmetic peptide with modest, gradual effects.","A peptide used mainly in eye products to support the look of firmer, less puffy skin and reduce the appearance of under-eye shadows.",{"slug":1084,"inci_name":1085,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1087,"concerns_for":1088,"also_known_as":1089,"function":1090,"title":1092,"tldr":1093,"meta_description":1097,"updated_at":969},"baobab-oil","Adansonia Digitata Seed Oil","barrier",[],[958],[],[519,1091],"conditioning","Baobab Oil",{"does":1094,"for_whom":1095,"red_flags":1096},"A nourishing plant oil from the baobab tree seed, rich in fatty acids and vitamins, that softens skin and reinforces the moisture barrier. It absorbs moderately quickly.","Dry and normal skin.","Generally well tolerated; a conditioning oil rather than an active.","A nourishing plant oil from the baobab tree seed, rich in fatty acids and vitamins, that softens skin and reinforces the moisture barrier.",{"slug":1099,"inci_name":1100,"category":1038,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1102,"concerns_for":1104,"also_known_as":1105,"function":1106,"title":1100,"tldr":1107,"meta_description":1111,"updated_at":1054},"adenosine","Adenosine",1,[1103,1040,1007],"dry",[976,1042],[],[1038,1004],{"does":1108,"for_whom":1109,"red_flags":1110},"Smooths fine lines and calms skin by supporting cellular energy and repair processes.","Anyone wanting a gentle, low-irritation anti-wrinkle ingredient, especially in Korean skincare.","Very low risk profile, though at low concentrations effects are subtle rather than dramatic.","Adenosine: the gentle, energy-supporting anti-wrinkle active found in Korean anti-aging skincare — the evidence, effective use, and who it's for.",{"slug":1113,"inci_name":1114,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1115,"concerns_for":1116,"also_known_as":1117,"function":1121,"title":1114,"tldr":1123,"meta_description":1127,"updated_at":1069},"alcohol-denat","Alcohol Denat.",[],[],[1118,1119,1120],"Denatured alcohol","SD alcohol","Ethanol",[962,1122,733],"antimicrobial",{"does":1124,"for_whom":1125,"red_flags":1126},"Ethanol made undrinkable by added denaturants, used as a fast-evaporating solvent. It dissolves ingredients that will not go into water, thins heavy textures into something that feels weightless, and helps other ingredients absorb — which is why it appears in a great many well-regarded sunscreens and essences.","People who want a light, quick-drying finish, particularly in sunscreens and gel textures where a greasy feel is the thing that stops a product being worn every day.","How much it matters depends on how much is there and what sits beside it: high on an ingredient list is a different proposition from a trace, and labels do not give percentages. It can sting or feel drying on compromised, very dry or eczema-prone skin. It is also not the same class of ingredient as the fatty alcohols — cetyl, stearyl, cetearyl — which soften rather than evaporate.","Alcohol denat is a real trade-off, not a scandal — what it does for a formula, what the barrier evidence actually shows, and who should genuinely avoid it.",{"slug":1129,"inci_name":1130,"category":1004,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1131,"concerns_for":1133,"also_known_as":1134,"function":1137,"title":1130,"tldr":1140,"meta_description":1144,"updated_at":1054},"allantoin","Allantoin",[1103,1007,1040,1132],"acne_prone",[1009,958,1042],[1135,1136],"comfrey extract derivative","5-ureidohydantoin",[1004,1138,1139],"wound-healing","keratolytic-mild",{"does":1141,"for_whom":1142,"red_flags":1143},"Soothes irritation, softens rough or flaky skin, and supports healing of the outer barrier.","Anyone with sensitized, irritated, or flaking skin, including after actives like retinoids or acids.","Essentially none; allantoin is one of the least allergenic soothing agents in cosmetics.","Allantoin reviewed by a cosmetic chemist: how it calms irritation, softens texture, and supports skin barrier recovery after actives.",{"slug":1146,"inci_name":1147,"category":1004,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1148,"concerns_for":1150,"also_known_as":1151,"function":1153,"title":1154,"tldr":1155,"meta_description":1159,"updated_at":1054},"aloe-vera","Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice",[1103,1149,1040,1007,1132],"oily",[1009,958],[1152,153],"Aloe",[1004,619,1015],"Aloe Vera",{"does":1156,"for_whom":1157,"red_flags":1158},"Calms irritation, hydrates the skin surface, and supports minor wound healing.","Sensitive, sun-exposed, and reactive skin, including after procedures.","Contact allergy is possible, particularly with whole-leaf extracts containing latex residue.","Aloe vera: what the leaf gel actually does for skin, the evidence for soothing and healing, and how to use it safely.",{"slug":1161,"inci_name":1162,"category":973,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1163,"concerns_for":1164,"also_known_as":1165,"function":1167,"title":1162,"tldr":1168,"meta_description":1172,"updated_at":1054},"arbutin","Alpha-Arbutin",[1040,1149,1103,1007],[633,977],[164,1166],"bearberry extract derivative",[973,922],{"does":1169,"for_whom":1170,"red_flags":1171},"Inhibits tyrosinase to gradually fade dark spots and even out tone without the irritation risk of hydroquinone.","Anyone targeting hyperpigmentation, post-acne marks, or melasma who wants a stable, well-tolerated brightener.","Considered lower risk than hydroquinone, but pregnancy data specific to alpha-arbutin remains limited.","Alpha-arbutin reviewed by a cosmetic chemist: how it inhibits tyrosinase, evidence versus hydroquinone, and safe pairing with niacinamide.",{"slug":1174,"inci_name":1175,"category":1004,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1176,"concerns_for":1177,"also_known_as":1178,"function":1180,"title":1181,"tldr":1182,"meta_description":1186,"updated_at":969},"marshmallow-root-extract","Althaea Officinalis Root Extract",[],[958,1009,1010],[1179],"Althaea extract",[1004,619],"Marshmallow Root Extract",{"does":1183,"for_whom":1184,"red_flags":1185},"A mucilage-rich root extract that forms a soft, hydrating film to calm and comfort dry, irritated skin. It is a traditional demulcent soothing ingredient.","Dry, sensitive and irritated skin.","Very gentle; a mild soothing and hydrating ingredient.","A mucilage-rich root extract that forms a soft, hydrating film to calm and comfort dry, irritated skin.",{"slug":1188,"inci_name":1189,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1190,"concerns_for":1191,"also_known_as":1192,"function":1195,"title":1189,"tldr":1196,"meta_description":1200,"updated_at":1201},"aqua","Aqua",[],[],[1193,1194],"Water","Eau",[962],{"does":1197,"for_whom":1198,"red_flags":1199},"Purified water, and in most skincare the single largest ingredient by weight. It is the solvent everything water-soluble dissolves into and the phase an emulsion is built around, which is why it usually sits first on an ingredient list.","Almost every product that is not an anhydrous oil, balm or powder — its position at the top of a list is a statement about format, not about quality.","Water on skin evaporates and can leave skin drier than before if nothing holds it there, which is the reason moisturisers pair humectants with an occlusive layer rather than relying on water alone. Water-containing products also need a preservative system, since water is what microbes grow in.","Aqua is purified water, usually the largest ingredient in skincare — the solvent and the phase an emulsion is built around.","2026-08-08T03:00:02+00:00",{"slug":1203,"inci_name":1204,"category":1086,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1205,"concerns_for":1206,"also_known_as":1207,"function":1210,"title":1212,"tldr":1213,"meta_description":1217,"updated_at":1054},"argan-oil","Argania Spinosa Kernel Oil",[1103,1040,1007],[958,976],[1208,1209],"Moroccan Oil","Argania Spinosa Oil",[519,238,1211],"barrier-support","Argan Oil",{"does":1214,"for_whom":1215,"red_flags":1216},"Softens skin and supplies antioxidants that support elasticity and barrier function.","Dry, combination, and mature skin.","Low comedogenic and allergy risk; rare tree-nut-related sensitivities have been reported.","Argan oil: the vitamin E and fatty acid profile behind its reputation, real clinical evidence, and how to use it.",{"slug":1219,"inci_name":1220,"category":619,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1221,"concerns_for":1222,"also_known_as":1223,"function":1225,"title":1220,"tldr":1227,"meta_description":1231,"updated_at":1232},"arginine","Arginine",[],[958],[1224],"L-Arginine",[619,1226,1091],"ph-adjuster",{"does":1228,"for_whom":1229,"red_flags":1230},"An amino acid that serves as a skin-conditioning humectant and is also used to neutralize (raise the pH of) acidic formulas. It contributes to the skin's natural moisturizing factors.","Most skin types; common in hydrating and buffered formulas.","Well tolerated; primarily a supporting and pH-balancing ingredient.","An amino acid that serves as a skin-conditioning humectant and is also used to neutralize (raise the pH of) acidic formulas.","2026-08-18T18:33:25+00:00",{"slug":1234,"inci_name":1235,"category":1004,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1236,"concerns_for":1237,"also_known_as":1238,"function":1241,"title":1242,"tldr":1243,"meta_description":1247,"updated_at":1248},"mugwort","Artemisia Vulgaris Extract",[1103,1007,1040],[1009,958,1042],[1239,1240],"Ssuk","Artemisia",[1004,238,1015],"Mugwort",{"does":1244,"for_whom":1245,"red_flags":1246},"Soothes redness and calms reactive skin with traditional Korean herbal antioxidants.","Sensitive, redness-prone, and weather-reactive skin.","Related to ragweed, so those with ragweed or Asteraceae allergies should patch test first.","Mugwort skincare: the calming herbal extract behind K-beauty's redness-relief obsession — what it does and who it suits.","2026-08-05T14:31:50+00:00",{"slug":1250,"inci_name":1251,"category":238,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1252,"concerns_for":1253,"also_known_as":1254,"function":1257,"title":1256,"tldr":1259,"meta_description":1263,"updated_at":1054},"vitamin-c","Ascorbic Acid",[1103,1149,1040,1007],[633,977,976],[1255,1256],"L-Ascorbic Acid","Vitamin C",[238,973,1258],"collagen-stimulant",{"does":1260,"for_whom":1261,"red_flags":1262},"Neutralizes free radicals, brightens dull skin, and supports collagen production.","Anyone concerned with dullness, uneven tone, or early photoaging.","Pure L-ascorbic acid is unstable and can irritate sensitive skin at high concentrations.","L-ascorbic acid is the most-researched topical antioxidant — stability, the Pinnell trifecta, and how to pick a formula that actually works.",{"slug":1265,"inci_name":1266,"category":238,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1267,"concerns_for":1268,"also_known_as":1269,"function":1272,"title":1266,"tldr":1273,"meta_description":1277,"updated_at":1054},"ascorbyl-glucoside","Ascorbyl Glucoside",[1103,1149,1040,1007,1132],[633,977,976],[1270,1271],"AA-2G","vitamin C glucoside",[238,973],{"does":1274,"for_whom":1275,"red_flags":1276},"Delivers a stable, water-soluble form of vitamin C that converts to active ascorbic acid in skin.","Anyone wanting vitamin C benefits with better formulation stability than pure ascorbic acid.","Conversion to active vitamin C is enzyme-dependent and less potent than direct L-ascorbic acid.","Ascorbyl glucoside is a stable vitamin C derivative that converts to ascorbic acid in skin. Learn its evidence, uses, and pairings.",{"slug":278,"inci_name":1279,"category":238,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1280,"concerns_for":1281,"also_known_as":1282,"function":1284,"title":1279,"tldr":1285,"meta_description":1289,"updated_at":969},"Ascorbyl Palmitate",[],[976,977],[1283],"Vitamin C ester",[238],{"does":1286,"for_whom":1287,"red_flags":1288},"An oil-soluble vitamin C ester used for antioxidant protection and to help stabilize formulas against oxidation. Its lipid solubility makes it easy to include in anhydrous and oil-based products.","Those wanting gentle, oil-soluble antioxidant support.","Milder and less studied than pure ascorbic acid for brightening; primarily an antioxidant.","An oil-soluble vitamin C ester used for antioxidant protection and to help stabilize formulas against oxidation.",{"slug":1291,"inci_name":1292,"category":1004,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1293,"concerns_for":1294,"also_known_as":1295,"function":1297,"title":1292,"tldr":1298,"meta_description":1302,"updated_at":1054},"asiaticoside","Asiaticoside",[1007,1103,1040,1132],[1009,1042,976],[1296],"Centella Asiaticoside",[1004,1138,1038],{"does":1299,"for_whom":1300,"red_flags":1301},"A triterpenoid saponin isolated from Centella asiatica, studied for wound healing and collagen support.","Sensitive, redness-prone, and post-procedure skin needing barrier repair and calming support.","Generally well tolerated; rare contact sensitization reported with concentrated extracts.","Asiaticoside, a Centella asiatica compound, supports wound healing and collagen synthesis. Evidence, uses, and safe concentrations.",{"slug":1304,"inci_name":1305,"category":238,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1306,"concerns_for":1307,"also_known_as":1308,"function":1311,"title":1305,"tldr":1312,"meta_description":1316,"updated_at":1054},"astaxanthin","Astaxanthin",[1040,1103],[976,977,1042],[1309,1310],"Haematococcus Pluvialis Extract","Algae Astaxanthin",[238,1038],{"does":1313,"for_whom":1314,"red_flags":1315},"A carotenoid antioxidant derived from microalgae, studied for reducing oxidative damage and supporting skin elasticity.","Those seeking antioxidant support for photoaging and dull, stressed skin.","Deep red-orange pigment can tint formulations; safety data in pregnancy is limited.","Astaxanthin is a marine-derived antioxidant studied for reducing UV-related oxidative stress and supporting skin elasticity.",{"slug":1318,"inci_name":1319,"category":1004,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1320,"concerns_for":1321,"also_known_as":1322,"function":1324,"title":1325,"tldr":1326,"meta_description":1330,"updated_at":969},"oat-kernel-extract","Avena Sativa Kernel Extract",[],[958,1009,1010],[1323],"Colloidal oat relative",[1004,1211],"Oat Kernel Extract",{"does":1327,"for_whom":1328,"red_flags":1329},"A liquid extract of oat kernel carrying oat's soothing chemistry — beta-glucans and avenanthramides — used to calm irritation and support a compromised barrier.","Sensitive, itchy, eczema-prone or post-procedure skin looking for a gentle soothing ingredient rather than an active treatment.","It is not colloidal oatmeal: only colloidal oatmeal holds FDA skin-protectant monograph status, and rare oat-protein sensitisation has been documented.","Oat kernel extract explained: the beta-glucan and avenanthramide chemistry behind oat's soothing reputation, and why it is not colloidal oatmeal.",{"slug":1332,"inci_name":1333,"category":1004,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1334,"concerns_for":1335,"also_known_as":1336,"function":1340,"title":1341,"tldr":1342,"meta_description":1346,"updated_at":1054},"colloidal-oatmeal","Avena Sativa Kernel Flour",[1103,1007,1040,1132],[1009,958,1042],[1337,1338,1339],"Oat Flour","Avena Sativa","Colloidal Oat",[1004,1211,238],"Colloidal Oatmeal",{"does":1343,"for_whom":1344,"red_flags":1345},"Calms itching, redness, and irritation while reinforcing the skin barrier.","Sensitive, eczema-prone, and reactive skin of any age.","Rare oat or gluten-contact allergy — patch test if you have a known cereal sensitivity.","Colloidal oatmeal: the dermatologist-favorite soothing agent for eczema, redness, and barrier repair — evidence, percentages, and pairing tips.",{"slug":1348,"inci_name":1349,"category":973,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1350,"concerns_for":1351,"also_known_as":1352,"function":1354,"title":1349,"tldr":1356,"meta_description":1360,"updated_at":1054},"azelaic-acid","Azelaic Acid",[1149,1040,1007,1132],[67,633,1009,1042],[1353],"Nonanedioic Acid",[973,1015,1355,648],"antibacterial",{"does":1357,"for_whom":1358,"red_flags":1359},"Fades post-acne marks and rosacea redness while gently unclogging pores.","Acne-prone and rosacea-prone skin, including patients who are pregnant.","Can cause mild tingling or flaking on first use, especially at higher strengths.","Azelaic acid: the dicarboxylic acid that treats acne, rosacea, and pigmentation — effective strengths, and why it's safe in pregnancy.",{"slug":1362,"inci_name":1363,"category":1038,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":1364,"concerns_for":1365,"also_known_as":1366,"function":1368,"title":1363,"tldr":1370,"meta_description":1374,"updated_at":1054},"bakuchiol","Bakuchiol",[1103,1040,1007,1132],[976,1042,633],[1367],"Babchi Extract",[1038,238,1369],"collagen-support",{"does":1371,"for_whom":1372,"red_flags":1373},"Delivers retinol-like smoothing and firming without the flaking or sun sensitivity.","Sensitive skin, pregnancy-adjacent routines, and retinoid-intolerant patients.","Data is promising but far thinner than the decades of retinol research — treat with reasonable caution in pregnancy.","Bakuchiol: the plant-derived retinol alternative for smoother, firmer skin without the irritation — how it works and who it's for.",{"slug":1376,"inci_name":1377,"category":1004,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1378,"concerns_for":1379,"also_known_as":1380,"function":1382,"title":1383,"tldr":1384,"meta_description":1388,"updated_at":969},"bamboo-extract","Bambusa Vulgaris Extract",[],[958,1009,1010],[1381],"Bamboo silica source",[1004,619,1091],"Bamboo Extract",{"does":1385,"for_whom":1386,"red_flags":1387},"A silica-rich plant extract used to condition, soften and support the look of smooth, comfortable skin, with mild soothing and hydrating benefits. It is a common natural conditioning ingredient.","Most skin types wanting gentle conditioning.","A mild supporting ingredient rather than a strong active.","A silica-rich plant extract used to condition, soften and support the look of smooth, comfortable skin, with mild soothing and hydrating benefits.",{"slug":1390,"inci_name":1391,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1392,"concerns_for":1393,"also_known_as":1394,"function":1396,"title":1391,"tldr":1398,"meta_description":1402,"updated_at":1069},"behenyl-alcohol","Behenyl Alcohol",[],[958],[1395],"Docosanol",[519,522,1397],"texture",{"does":1399,"for_whom":1400,"red_flags":1401},"A long-chain fatty alcohol, waxy and solid at room temperature, used to thicken creams and hold oil and water together. Despite the word alcohol it behaves nothing like ethanol: it softens rather than dries, in the same family as cetyl and stearyl alcohol.","Rich creams, balms and hair conditioners, including dry and mature skin.","Its richness can feel heavy or occlusive on very oily skin; fatty alcohols are an uncommon but documented contact allergen.","Behenyl Alcohol is a waxy fatty alcohol that thickens and softens creams — nothing like the drying ethanol it shares a name with.",{"slug":1404,"inci_name":1405,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1406,"concerns_for":1407,"also_known_as":1409,"function":1412,"title":1405,"tldr":1414,"meta_description":1418,"updated_at":564},"bentonite","Bentonite",[1149,1040],[1408],"enlarged_pores",[1410,1411],"Montmorillonite clay","Volcanic ash clay",[1413,1397],"astringent",{"does":1415,"for_whom":1416,"red_flags":1417},"A swelling clay that thickens and suspends in a formula, and in a mask absorbs surface oil and water as it dries.","Oily and combination skin wanting a temporary matte finish; it also does invisible structural work as a thickener in creams and mineral formulas.","It absorbs from the surface and does not draw anything out of a pore — the detox framing has nothing behind it. Letting a clay mask dry to cracking is where the tightness and flaking come from.","Bentonite: what a swelling clay genuinely does on skin, why the detox claim has nothing behind it, and the one clay use with real evidence.",{"slug":1420,"inci_name":1421,"category":790,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1422,"concerns_for":1423,"also_known_as":1424,"function":1425,"title":1421,"tldr":1426,"meta_description":1430,"updated_at":1431},"benzoic-acid","Benzoic Acid",[],[],[],[790],{"does":1427,"for_whom":1428,"red_flags":1429},"The acid counterpart of sodium benzoate and, like it, only meaningfully antimicrobial when the formula sits at an acidic pH. It covers bacteria and yeast, and pairs naturally with sorbic acid, which leans the other way toward mold.","Low-pH toners, essences and gels using a minimal preservative blend.","Loses most of its activity above roughly pH 5; not something you would choose a product for, and stinging is possible on already-compromised skin.","Benzoic Acid preserves acidic formulas against bacteria and yeast, and is typically blended with a mold-focused partner.","2026-08-06T03:00:03+00:00",{"slug":1433,"inci_name":1434,"category":888,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1435,"concerns_for":1436,"also_known_as":1437,"function":1439,"title":1438,"tldr":1441,"meta_description":1445,"updated_at":1446},"oxybenzone","Benzophenone-3",[],[633,976],[1438,1434],"Oxybenzone",[1440],"uv-filter",{"does":1442,"for_whom":1443,"red_flags":1444},"An organic filter that absorbs both UVB and some UVA radiation and has historically been used to broaden sunscreen protection. It is one of the more studied and debated chemical filters.","Those wanting broad chemical UV coverage where it is permitted.","A more common allergen and subject to environmental and absorption concerns; restricted or discouraged in some regions.","Oxybenzone is the most absorbed and most allergenic of the common UV filters — what the FDA trials measured, what the EU cut its limits to, and why brands dropped it.","2026-08-18T20:22:31+00:00",{"slug":1448,"inci_name":1449,"category":1450,"safety_grade":1451,"skin_types":1452,"concerns_for":1453,"also_known_as":1454,"function":1456,"title":1449,"tldr":1458,"meta_description":1462,"updated_at":1054},"benzoyl-peroxide","Benzoyl Peroxide","active",5,[1149,1132,1040],[67],[1455],"BPO",[1355,1457],"exfoliant",{"does":1459,"for_whom":1460,"red_flags":1461},"A potent antibacterial that kills acne-causing bacteria and clears breakouts fast.","Moderate to severe inflammatory acne, especially oily and acne-prone skin.","Bleaches fabric and hair, and oxidizes retinoids and vitamin C on contact.","Benzoyl peroxide guide: how it kills acne bacteria, the best concentration to use, and why it shouldn't be layered with retinol.",{"slug":1464,"inci_name":1465,"category":790,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1466,"concerns_for":1467,"also_known_as":1468,"function":1469,"title":1465,"tldr":1470,"meta_description":1474,"updated_at":1475},"benzyl-alcohol","Benzyl Alcohol",[],[],[],[790,962],{"does":1471,"for_whom":1472,"red_flags":1473},"A naturally occurring aromatic alcohol used as a mild preservative and solvent to protect formulas from microbial growth. It also appears naturally in some essential oils.","Common in preservative systems, including some marketed as 'natural'.","A recognized fragrance allergen that can irritate sensitive skin; a preservative rather than an active.","A naturally occurring aromatic alcohol used as a mild preservative and solvent to protect formulas from microbial growth.","2026-08-05T14:31:51+00:00",{"slug":1477,"inci_name":1478,"category":238,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1479,"concerns_for":1480,"also_known_as":1481,"function":1483,"title":1478,"tldr":1484,"meta_description":1488,"updated_at":969},"beta-carotene","Beta-Carotene",[],[976,977],[1482],"Provitamin A",[238,1091],{"does":1485,"for_whom":1486,"red_flags":1487},"A carotenoid antioxidant and precursor to vitamin A that helps protect skin from oxidative stress and conditions the surface. It also lends a natural orange tint to formulas.","Most skin types wanting antioxidant support.","Naturally strongly colored and can stain; a supporting antioxidant.","A carotenoid antioxidant and precursor to vitamin A that helps protect skin from oxidative stress and conditions the surface.",{"slug":1490,"inci_name":1491,"category":1004,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1492,"concerns_for":1493,"also_known_as":1494,"function":1498,"title":1491,"tldr":1499,"meta_description":1503,"updated_at":1054},"beta-glucan","Beta-Glucan",[1103,1007,1040,1132],[1009,958,1042],[1495,1496,1497],"oat beta-glucan","yeast beta-glucan","1,3-beta-glucan",[1004,1211,1138],{"does":1500,"for_whom":1501,"red_flags":1502},"Forms a lightweight, breathable film that calms irritation and helps skin hold on to water.","Anyone with a compromised, reactive, or dehydrated barrier, including post-procedure skin.","Virtually none, though yeast-derived versions warrant a patch test in true yeast allergy.","Beta-glucan explained by a cosmetic chemist: how this polysaccharide soothes, hydrates, and supports barrier repair, plus ideal pairings and percentages.",{"slug":1505,"inci_name":1506,"category":619,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1507,"concerns_for":1508,"also_known_as":1509,"function":1512,"title":1506,"tldr":1514,"meta_description":1518,"updated_at":1054},"betaine","Betaine",[1103,1149,1040,1007,1132],[958,1009,977],[1510,1511],"Trimethylglycine","Glycine Betaine",[619,1513,1004],"osmoprotectant",{"does":1515,"for_whom":1516,"red_flags":1517},"An osmoprotectant humectant, derived from sugar beet, that hydrates skin and supports its resilience to dryness and stress.","Sensitive, dry, or stressed skin needing gentle hydration.","None established; considered one of the least irritating humectants.","Betaine is a plant-derived humectant that hydrates skin and helps cells retain water under environmental stress.",{"slug":1520,"inci_name":1521,"category":1457,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1522,"concerns_for":1523,"also_known_as":1524,"function":1525,"title":1521,"tldr":1526,"meta_description":1530,"updated_at":969},"betaine-salicylate","Betaine Salicylate",[],[1009,977,1042,1010],[],[1457,1004],{"does":1527,"for_whom":1528,"red_flags":1529},"A betaine complex of salicylic acid, developed as a gentler way to deliver BHA activity and popularised in Korean formulations.","People who want pore-clearing benefits but find free salicylic acid stings — with the caveat that the gentleness claim is mostly brand-sourced.","Independent trials isolating it against free salicylic acid are limited, and its regulatory treatment under the EU salicylic acid caps is genuinely unsettled.","Betaine salicylate explained: how this gentler BHA complex is meant to work, why the evidence is supplier-driven, and the open EU regulatory question.",{"slug":1532,"inci_name":1533,"category":238,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1534,"concerns_for":1535,"also_known_as":1536,"function":1538,"title":1533,"tldr":1540,"meta_description":1544,"updated_at":1069},"bht","BHT",[],[976,977],[1537],"Butylated hydroxytoluene",[238,1539],"stabilizer",{"does":1541,"for_whom":1542,"red_flags":1543},"A synthetic antioxidant that protects the oils and fragrance in a formula from going rancid. It is used at very small levels and its target is the product in the bottle, not the skin the product goes on.","Anyone using a product with a meaningful oil phase — balms, lip products, sunscreens and rich creams all benefit from something keeping their oils stable.","It is often listed among ingredients people choose to avoid, and much of that discussion draws on dietary and animal studies at exposures unlike topical use; the topical picture is narrower than the headlines. It makes no claim to do anything for skin and can be replaced by tocopherol in formulas that prefer it.","BHT is a synthetic antioxidant used in trace amounts to stop a product's oils and fragrance going rancid — it protects the formula, not skin.",{"slug":1546,"inci_name":1547,"category":1086,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1548,"concerns_for":1549,"also_known_as":1550,"function":1552,"title":1547,"tldr":1553,"meta_description":1557,"updated_at":1248},"bifida-ferment-lysate","Bifida Ferment Lysate",[1103,1007,1040],[1009,958,976],[1551],"Probiotic Ferment Filtrate",[1211,1004,238],{"does":1554,"for_whom":1555,"red_flags":1556},"Strengthens the skin barrier and calms sensitivity using fermented probiotic filtrate.","Compromised, sensitive, or barrier-stressed skin, including post-procedure recovery.","Minimal risk, but as a fermentation product it's best patch tested by those with fragrance or ferment sensitivities.","Bifida ferment lysate: the fermented probiotic filtrate that helps rebuild a stressed skin barrier — the evidence and who it's for.",{"slug":1559,"inci_name":1560,"category":888,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":1561,"concerns_for":1562,"also_known_as":1563,"function":1566,"title":1568,"tldr":1569,"meta_description":1573,"updated_at":1054},"tinosorb-s","Bis-Ethylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl Triazine",[1103,1149,1040,1007],[1042],[1564,1565],"Bemotrizinol","BEMT",[1440,1567],"photostabilizer","Tinosorb S",{"does":1570,"for_whom":1571,"red_flags":1572},"Provides broad-spectrum UVA and UVB absorption while remaining highly photostable.","Anyone wanting reliable, long-wearing sun protection, especially in combination formulas.","Not approved in US OTC monograph sunscreens, though widely used elsewhere.","Tinosorb S (bemotrizinol) is a photostable broad-spectrum UV filter widely used outside the US. See how it works and who it suits.",{"slug":1575,"inci_name":1576,"category":1004,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1577,"concerns_for":1578,"also_known_as":1579,"function":1583,"title":1576,"tldr":1584,"meta_description":1588,"updated_at":1054},"bisabolol","Bisabolol",[1007,1103,1040,1132],[1009,1010,958],[1580,1581,1582],"alpha-bisabolol","levomenol","chamomile-derived terpene",[1004,1015],{"does":1585,"for_whom":1586,"red_flags":1587},"A chamomile-derived terpene alcohol used to calm irritation and support a more comfortable skin barrier.","Sensitive, reactive, or post-procedure skin needing a lightweight calming ingredient.","Fragrance-related sensitization is rare but possible in highly reactive individuals.","Bisabolol: how this chamomile-derived compound soothes irritation, evidence behind it, and how to use it safely.",{"slug":1590,"inci_name":1591,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1592,"concerns_for":1593,"also_known_as":1594,"function":1596,"title":1597,"tldr":1598,"meta_description":1602,"updated_at":969},"borage-oil","Borago Officinalis Seed Oil",[],[958,1009],[1595],"Starflower oil",[519,1211],"Borage Seed Oil",{"does":1599,"for_whom":1600,"red_flags":1601},"A plant oil with one of the highest natural concentrations of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), used to support the barrier and comfort dry, irritated skin. It replenishes essential fatty acids.","Dry, sensitive and barrier-stressed skin.","Oxidizes readily; best used fresh and well packaged.","A plant oil with one of the highest natural concentrations of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), used to support the barrier and comfort dry, irritated skin.",{"slug":1604,"inci_name":1605,"category":238,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1606,"concerns_for":1608,"also_known_as":1609,"function":1612,"title":1613,"tldr":1614,"meta_description":1618,"updated_at":433},"sulforaphane","Brassica Oleracea Italica (Broccoli) Sprout Extract",[1607,1040,1103,1007],"normal",[976,977,1009],[1610,1611],"Broccoli Sprout Extract","Glucoraphanin",[238,1038],"Sulforaphane",{"does":1615,"for_whom":1616,"red_flags":1617},"An indirect antioxidant from broccoli sprouts that switches on the skin’s own protective enzymes rather than being consumed itself.","Anyone wanting an antioxidant layer under morning sunscreen; well tolerated by sensitive skin.","It reduces oxidative damage but has no SPF and is not a substitute for sun protection.","Sulforaphane: the antioxidant that raises your own enzymes instead of being spent, and the human UV study behind it.",{"slug":1620,"inci_name":1621,"category":1457,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":1622,"concerns_for":1623,"also_known_as":1624,"function":1627,"title":1621,"tldr":1628,"meta_description":1632,"updated_at":564},"bromelain","Bromelain",[1607,1040,1149],[1042,977],[1625,1626],"Pineapple enzyme","Ananas Sativus Fruit Extract",[1457,1139],{"does":1629,"for_whom":1630,"red_flags":1631},"A group of protein-digesting enzymes from pineapple, used as a wash-off exfoliant that loosens the protein links between dead surface cells without abrasion or a low-pH acid.","Dull, rough-feeling skin in people who do not get on with glycolic or salicylic acid, and anyone who prefers a short-contact step that rinses away.","These are proteins, and allergy to them is documented in people exposed to them at work. How much enzyme activity survives in a finished cosmetic is rarely disclosed and rarely tested.","Bromelain: how the pineapple protease exfoliates, why its cosmetic evidence is thinner than its laboratory reputation, and what the label leaves out.",{"slug":1634,"inci_name":1635,"category":888,"safety_grade":1636,"skin_types":1637,"concerns_for":1638,"also_known_as":1639,"function":1642,"title":1643,"tldr":1644,"meta_description":1648,"updated_at":1054},"avobenzone","Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane",6,[1103,1149,1040],[1042],[1640,1641],"Parsol 1789","BMDBM",[1440],"Avobenzone",{"does":1645,"for_whom":1646,"red_flags":1647},"Absorbs UVA1 radiation broadly, offering the deepest UVA coverage among common organic filters.","Anyone needing strong UVA protection, typically combined with photostabilizers.","Degrades on UV exposure unless stabilized and has raised systemic-absorption questions under study.","Avobenzone is a chemical UV filter offering strong UVA1 protection. Learn how it works, its evidence base, and formulation caveats.",{"slug":1650,"inci_name":1651,"category":619,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1652,"concerns_for":1653,"also_known_as":1654,"function":1656,"title":1651,"tldr":1657,"meta_description":1661,"updated_at":1232},"butylene-glycol","Butylene Glycol",[],[958],[1655],"1,3-Butanediol",[619,962],{"does":1658,"for_whom":1659,"red_flags":1660},"A small synthetic diol used as a humectant, solvent and viscosity modifier — it holds water and dissolves other ingredients so they disperse evenly through a formula.","Anyone using lightweight serums and essences, where its lighter skin feel than glycerin is the reason formulators choose it.","A formulation-support ingredient, not a treatment active; it appears on some avoidance lists over concerns the safety literature does not support.","Butylene glycol explained: what a humectant-solvent actually does in a formula, why it feels lighter than glycerin, and what the safety data says.",{"slug":1663,"inci_name":1664,"category":1086,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1665,"concerns_for":1666,"also_known_as":1667,"function":1670,"title":1671,"tldr":1672,"meta_description":1676,"updated_at":1054},"shea-butter","Butyrospermum Parkii Butter",[1103,1007],[958,1009],[1668,1669],"Karite Butter","Shea Nut Butter",[519,1211,1015],"Shea Butter",{"does":1673,"for_whom":1674,"red_flags":1675},"Delivers intense emollient moisture and helps calm dry, irritated skin.","Dry, very dry, and sensitive skin, including eczema-prone skin.","Rich texture can be comedogenic for acne-prone or very oily skin.","Shea butter: the fatty acid profile and evidence behind this classic emollient, plus who benefits most and who should avoid it.",{"slug":1678,"inci_name":1679,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1680,"concerns_for":1681,"also_known_as":1682,"function":1683,"title":1679,"tldr":1684,"meta_description":1688,"updated_at":1069},"c12-15-alkyl-benzoate","C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate",[],[958],[],[519,962],{"does":1685,"for_whom":1686,"red_flags":1687},"An ester emollient built from benzoic acid and medium-chain fatty alcohols. It is unusually good at dissolving other ingredients, so besides softening skin it often serves as the solvent that keeps a sunscreen's filters or a foundation's pigments evenly dispersed.","Sunscreens, foundations and lightweight lotions where a formula needs both a dry, non-greasy feel and real solvent power.","It is a formulation ingredient with no independent action on skin. Its solvency is part of why some sunscreens feel elegant, and also why the same filter can feel entirely different between two products with similar SPF labels.","C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate is a dry-feeling ester emollient and solvent that keeps sunscreen filters and pigments evenly dispersed.",{"slug":1690,"inci_name":1691,"category":238,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1692,"concerns_for":1693,"also_known_as":1694,"function":1696,"title":1691,"tldr":1698,"meta_description":1702,"updated_at":1054},"caffeine","Caffeine",[1149,1040,1103,1007],[976,977,1009],[1695],"1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine",[238,1697,1038],"vasoconstrictor",{"does":1699,"for_whom":1700,"red_flags":1701},"A stimulant antioxidant that constricts blood vessels and helps reduce puffiness, redness, and photoaging markers.","Anyone targeting under-eye puffiness, dullness, or looking for lightweight daily antioxidant protection.","Effects on puffiness are temporary; minimal risk profile overall.","Caffeine in skincare reduces puffiness and redness via vasoconstriction and offers antioxidant, anti-aging support. Evidence and uses.",{"slug":1704,"inci_name":1705,"category":1004,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1706,"concerns_for":1707,"also_known_as":1708,"function":1711,"title":1712,"tldr":1713,"meta_description":1717,"updated_at":1248},"calendula","Calendula Officinalis Extract",[1007,1103,1040,1132],[1009,1010,958],[1709,1710],"marigold extract","calendula officinalis",[1004,1015,1138],"Calendula",{"does":1714,"for_whom":1715,"red_flags":1716},"A marigold-derived botanical extract traditionally used to soothe irritated skin and support wound healing.","Sensitive, dry, or irritated skin, including minor cuts, sunburn, and post-procedure recovery.","Those with Asteraceae\u002Fragweed family allergies may react to calendula.","Calendula: traditional use, evidence for soothing and wound healing, and safe ways to combine it in a routine.",{"slug":1719,"inci_name":1720,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1721,"concerns_for":1722,"also_known_as":1723,"function":1725,"title":1726,"tldr":1727,"meta_description":1731,"updated_at":969},"tamanu-oil","Calophyllum Inophyllum Seed Oil",[],[958,1009,1010],[1724],"Foraha oil",[519,1004],"Tamanu Oil",{"does":1728,"for_whom":1729,"red_flags":1730},"A thick, dark plant oil traditionally used to soothe and condition skin and support the appearance of blemished or scarred areas. It is rich in fatty acids and natural antioxidants.","Dry and blemish-prone skin (patch test first).","Strongly colored and heavy; derived from a nut, so those with nut allergies should avoid.","A thick, dark plant oil traditionally used to soothe and condition skin and support the appearance of blemished or scarred areas.",{"slug":1733,"inci_name":1734,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1735,"concerns_for":1736,"also_known_as":1737,"function":1739,"title":1740,"tldr":1741,"meta_description":1745,"updated_at":969},"camellia-oil","Camellia Japonica Seed Oil",[],[976,958,977],[1738],"Tsubaki oil",[519,1091,238],"Camellia Oil",{"does":1742,"for_whom":1743,"red_flags":1744},"A silky plant oil, traditional in Japanese skincare, that is high in oleic acid and antioxidants and absorbs relatively quickly to soften skin. It leaves a light, conditioned finish.","Normal to dry skin wanting a fast-absorbing facial oil.","Generally well tolerated; richer than linoleic oils.","A silky plant oil, traditional in Japanese skincare, that is high in oleic acid and antioxidants and absorbs relatively quickly to soften skin.",{"slug":1747,"inci_name":1748,"category":238,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1749,"concerns_for":1750,"also_known_as":1751,"function":1755,"title":1757,"tldr":1758,"meta_description":1762,"updated_at":1054},"egcg","Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract",[1149,1040,1007,1132],[1009,67,976,977],[1752,1753,1754],"Epigallocatechin gallate","Green tea extract","Green tea polyphenols",[238,1015,1756],"sebum-regulator","EGCG (Green Tea)",{"does":1759,"for_whom":1760,"red_flags":1761},"The main polyphenol in green tea, delivering strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action.","Oily, acne-prone, and redness-prone skin wanting calming antioxidant support.","Highly unstable once exposed to light and air — needs airtight, opaque packaging.","EGCG (green tea extract) explained: antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits for acne and redness, stability issues, and pairing tips.",{"slug":1764,"inci_name":1765,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1766,"concerns_for":1767,"also_known_as":1768,"function":1769,"title":1770,"tldr":1771,"meta_description":1775,"updated_at":969},"hemp-seed-oil","Cannabis Sativa Seed Oil",[],[958,1009],[],[519,1211],"Hemp Seed Oil",{"does":1772,"for_whom":1773,"red_flags":1774},"A light plant oil with a balanced omega-3 and omega-6 fatty-acid profile that supports the skin barrier without a heavy feel. It contains no cannabinoids of note.","Most skin types, including oily and combination skin.","Considered low on the pore-clogging scale; oxidizes over time so store cool.","A light plant oil with a balanced omega-3 and omega-6 fatty-acid profile that supports the skin barrier without a heavy feel.",{"slug":1777,"inci_name":1778,"category":790,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1779,"concerns_for":1780,"also_known_as":1781,"function":1784,"title":1778,"tldr":1786,"meta_description":1790,"updated_at":1791},"caprylhydroxamic-acid","Caprylhydroxamic Acid",[],[],[1782,1783],"CHA","Octanohydroxamic acid",[963,1785],"chelator",{"does":1787,"for_whom":1788,"red_flags":1789},"A hydroxamic acid used to keep formulas microbiologically stable, chiefly by binding the trace metal ions that moulds and yeasts need in order to grow. It is nearly always paired with a glycol such as glyceryl caprylate or propanediol rather than used alone.","Anyone seeking products preserved without parabens or formaldehyde releasers. It is a formulation choice, not a benefit to skin.","It is a preservation aid rather than a broad-spectrum preservative in its own right, so its presence says little about how well a product is actually protected. Marketing sometimes offers it as evidence of a \"clean\" formula, which is a positioning claim and not a safety finding.","Caprylhydroxamic Acid is a metal-chelating preservative booster used in paraben-free systems — a formulation aid, not a skin active.","2026-08-14T03:00:02+00:00",{"slug":1793,"inci_name":1794,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1795,"concerns_for":1796,"also_known_as":1797,"function":1800,"title":1794,"tldr":1801,"meta_description":1805,"updated_at":1232},"caprylic-capric-triglyceride","Caprylic\u002FCapric Triglyceride",[],[958],[1798,1799],"Fractionated coconut oil","MCT",[519,1091],{"does":1802,"for_whom":1803,"red_flags":1804},"A lightweight emollient derived from coconut or palm oil and glycerin that softens skin and gives formulas a silky, fast-absorbing slip. It is widely used as a stable, non-greasy oil base.","Most skin types, including those wanting a light emollient feel.","Very well tolerated; a texture and emollient ingredient rather than an active.","A lightweight emollient derived from coconut or palm oil and glycerin that softens skin and gives formulas a silky, fast-absorbing slip.",{"slug":1807,"inci_name":1808,"category":1457,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1809,"concerns_for":1810,"also_known_as":1811,"function":1814,"title":1815,"tldr":1816,"meta_description":1820,"updated_at":969},"lipohydroxy-acid","Capryloyl Salicylic Acid",[],[977,1042],[1812,1813],"LHA","Capryloyl salicylic acid",[1457],"Lipohydroxy Acid (LHA)",{"does":1817,"for_whom":1818,"red_flags":1819},"A derivative of salicylic acid with an added fatty chain that makes it more lipophilic, so it exfoliates gradually at the skin surface and within pores. It is often described as a gentle, targeted BHA relative.","Oily, congested and blemish-prone skin.","A salicylic-acid relative, so those advised to limit salicylates should be cautious; use sunscreen.","A derivative of salicylic acid with an added fatty chain that makes it more lipophilic, so it exfoliates gradually at the skin surface and within pores.",{"slug":1822,"inci_name":1823,"category":619,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1824,"concerns_for":1825,"also_known_as":1826,"function":1828,"title":1823,"tldr":1829,"meta_description":1833,"updated_at":1232},"caprylyl-glycol","Caprylyl Glycol",[],[958],[1827],"1,2-Octanediol",[619,519,963],{"does":1830,"for_whom":1831,"red_flags":1832},"A multifunctional glycol that hydrates and conditions skin while also enhancing a formula's preservative efficacy. It contributes a light, smooth skin feel.","Most skin types; a common supporting ingredient in modern formulas.","A formulation aid rather than a treatment active; rarely irritating.","A multifunctional glycol that hydrates and conditions skin while also enhancing a formula's preservative efficacy.",{"slug":1835,"inci_name":1836,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1837,"concerns_for":1838,"also_known_as":1839,"function":1842,"title":1836,"tldr":1844,"meta_description":1848,"updated_at":1201},"carbomer","Carbomer",[],[],[1840,1841],"Polyacrylic acid","Carbopol",[1843,1539],"film-forming",{"does":1845,"for_whom":1846,"red_flags":1847},"A synthetic polymer that swells in water into a clear gel, which is why it appears high on the ingredient list of so many gel-textured serums and cleansers. It only thickens once neutralised with an alkali, so it usually travels alongside sodium hydroxide or triethanolamine on the label.","Anyone using gel or lightweight emulsion textures. It is structural, with no target skin type of its own.","Purely a texture agent — it makes no claim on skin and should not be read as one. Carbomer gels are among the formats most prone to pilling when layered, particularly over silicone-heavy primers or sunscreens.","Carbomer is the synthetic gelling polymer behind most clear gel serums and cleansers — structure, not skincare activity.",{"slug":1850,"inci_name":1851,"category":1457,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":1852,"concerns_for":1853,"also_known_as":1854,"function":1857,"title":1858,"tldr":1859,"meta_description":1863,"updated_at":405},"papaya-enzyme","Carica Papaya Fruit Extract",[1607,1040,1103],[1042,977],[1855,1856],"Papain","Papaya Extract",[1457,1139],"Papaya Enzyme",{"does":1860,"for_whom":1861,"red_flags":1862},"A protein-digesting enzyme from papaya that loosens dead surface cells without the acidity of an AHA.","Sensitive or acid-intolerant skin wanting very gentle exfoliation, usually in a mask.","Papain is a documented sensitiser and a recognised occupational allergen — gentler is not the same as safer here.","Papaya enzyme: how protein digestion differs from acid exfoliation, why it needs a mask format, and the allergy nobody mentions.",{"slug":1865,"inci_name":1866,"category":238,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1867,"concerns_for":1868,"also_known_as":1869,"function":1871,"title":1866,"tldr":1872,"meta_description":1876,"updated_at":969},"carnosine","Carnosine",[],[976,977],[1870],"L-Carnosine",[238,1038],{"does":1873,"for_whom":1874,"red_flags":1875},"A dipeptide antioxidant that helps protect skin proteins from glycation and oxidative stress, supporting the look of firmer, healthier skin. It is used in anti-aging antioxidant blends.","Those wanting antioxidant support with anti-aging positioning.","A supporting antioxidant; cosmetic evidence is still developing.","A dipeptide antioxidant that helps protect skin proteins from glycation and oxidative stress, supporting the look of firmer, healthier skin.",{"slug":1878,"inci_name":1879,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1880,"concerns_for":1881,"also_known_as":1882,"function":1883,"title":1884,"tldr":1885,"meta_description":1889,"updated_at":1232},"safflower-oil","Carthamus Tinctorius Seed Oil",[],[958,1009],[],[519,1211],"Safflower Oil",{"does":1886,"for_whom":1887,"red_flags":1888},"A linoleic-acid-rich plant oil that conditions skin and supports the moisture barrier with a light, non-greasy texture. It is chemically similar to sunflower oil.","Most skin types, including oily and combination skin wanting a light oil.","Generally well tolerated; a conditioning oil rather than a treatment.","A linoleic-acid-rich plant oil that conditions skin and supports the moisture barrier with a light, non-greasy texture.",{"slug":1891,"inci_name":1892,"category":1004,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1893,"concerns_for":1894,"also_known_as":1895,"function":1896,"title":1897,"tldr":1898,"meta_description":1902,"updated_at":969},"cornflower-extract","Centaurea Cyanus Flower Extract",[],[958,1009,1010],[],[1004,619],"Cornflower Extract",{"does":1899,"for_whom":1900,"red_flags":1901},"A floral extract traditionally used in eye and face care to calm and refresh the look of tired, sensitive skin. It offers mild soothing and hydrating benefits.","Sensitive skin and the eye area.","A gentle, mild soothing ingredient.","A floral extract traditionally used in eye and face care to calm and refresh the look of tired, sensitive skin.",{"slug":1904,"inci_name":1905,"category":1004,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1906,"concerns_for":1907,"also_known_as":1908,"function":1912,"title":1913,"tldr":1914,"meta_description":1918,"updated_at":1248},"centella-asiatica","Centella Asiatica Extract",[1103,1149,1040,1007,1132],[1009,1042,958],[1909,1910,1911],"Cica","Gotu Kola","Tiger Grass",[1004,1138,238],"Centella Asiatica",{"does":1915,"for_whom":1916,"red_flags":1917},"Calms redness and inflammation while supporting collagen synthesis and wound healing.","Reactive, redness-prone, and post-procedure skin especially, but broadly well tolerated.","Oral use during pregnancy is discouraged; topical use lacks robust pregnancy-specific safety data.","Centella asiatica (cica) is the backbone of Korean soothing skincare — its calming triterpenes and where the evidence actually stands.",{"slug":1920,"inci_name":1905,"category":1004,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":1921,"concerns_for":1922,"also_known_as":1923,"function":1925,"title":1910,"tldr":1926,"meta_description":1930,"updated_at":1054},"gotu-kola",[1007,1103,1040,1132],[1009,1042,958],[1913,1924,1911],"Indian Pennywort",[1004,1138,238],{"does":1927,"for_whom":1928,"red_flags":1929},"Calms redness and irritation while supporting collagen synthesis and wound healing.","Reactive, post-procedure, or scar-prone skin needing repair support.","Shares its botanical source with Centella Asiatica extract — check labels to avoid redundant layering.","Gotu kola (Centella Asiatica): the wound-healing, redness-calming botanical backed by decades of research — how it works and who it's for.",{"slug":1932,"inci_name":1933,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1934,"concerns_for":1935,"also_known_as":1936,"function":1938,"title":1939,"tldr":1940,"meta_description":1944,"updated_at":969},"beeswax","Cera Alba",[],[958],[1937],"Cera alba",[519,712,1397],"Beeswax",{"does":1941,"for_whom":1942,"red_flags":1943},"A natural wax from honeybees used to thicken formulas and form a breathable protective film that helps seal in moisture. It gives structure to balms and salves.","Dry skin and lip\u002Fbody balms.","Animal-derived (not vegan); a texture and occlusive ingredient rather than an active.","A natural wax from honeybees used to thicken formulas and form a breathable protective film that helps seal in moisture.",{"slug":1946,"inci_name":1947,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1948,"concerns_for":1949,"also_known_as":1950,"function":1952,"title":1947,"tldr":1953,"meta_description":1957,"updated_at":969},"ceramide-ap","Ceramide AP",[],[958,1009],[1951],"Ceramide 6-II",[1211],{"does":1954,"for_whom":1955,"red_flags":1956},"A ceramide built from an alpha-hydroxy fatty acid on a phytosphingosine base, used in barrier-repair blends to help rebuild the stratum corneum's lipid bilayers.","Dry, sensitive, eczema-prone and barrier-compromised skin, usually as one component of a multi-ceramide complex.","The alpha-hydroxy in the name is a fatty acid feature, not an AHA exfoliant — Ceramide AP does not exfoliate.","Ceramide AP explained: why the alpha-hydroxy in its name is not an AHA, how it fits a barrier-repair blend, usage levels and label caveats.",{"slug":1959,"inci_name":1960,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1961,"concerns_for":1962,"also_known_as":1963,"function":1966,"title":1960,"tldr":1967,"meta_description":1971,"updated_at":1069},"ceramide-as","Ceramide AS",[],[958,1009],[1964,1965],"N-acetylsphingosine","Ceramide 5",[1211,519],{"does":1968,"for_whom":1969,"red_flags":1970},"A ceramide pairing an alpha-hydroxy fatty acid with a sphingosine base rather than the phytosphingosine used in NP or AP, contributing to the barrier's lamellar lipid bilayers.","Dry, sensitive or barrier-compromised skin, generally as one species within a multi-ceramide formula.","CAS numbers differ per ceramide species — check the supplier data sheet rather than assuming one number covers them all.","Ceramide AS explained: how the sphingosine base differs from phytosphingosine, its role in barrier lipids, usage levels and regulatory status.",{"slug":1973,"inci_name":1974,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1975,"concerns_for":1976,"also_known_as":1977,"function":1979,"title":1974,"tldr":1980,"meta_description":1984,"updated_at":969},"ceramide-eop","Ceramide EOP",[],[958,1009],[1978],"Ceramide 1",[1211],{"does":1981,"for_whom":1982,"red_flags":1983},"The ester-linked ceramide species: an esterified omega-hydroxy fatty acid on a phytosphingosine base, used in barrier blends to help rebuild stratum corneum lipids.","Dry, eczema-prone, ageing or barrier-compromised skin looking for a moisturiser that mirrors the skin's own lipid mix.","Sold under the marketing name Ceramide 1 on some labels; barrier evidence belongs to the blend, not to any one species.","Ceramide EOP explained: what the esterified omega-hydroxy structure means, why blends beat single ceramides, typical percentages and safety status.",{"slug":1986,"inci_name":1987,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":1988,"concerns_for":1989,"also_known_as":1990,"function":1992,"title":1987,"tldr":1993,"meta_description":1997,"updated_at":969},"ceramide-np","Ceramide NP",[],[958,1009],[1991],"Ceramide 3",[1211,712],{"does":1994,"for_whom":1995,"red_flags":1996},"The most widely used cosmetic ceramide: a non-hydroxy fatty acid joined to a phytosphingosine base, used to replenish the lipid bilayers of the skin barrier.","Dry, eczema-prone, ageing or barrier-compromised skin, and anyone using retinoids or acids who needs barrier support alongside them.","Barrier lipids work as a system — a single ceramide species on a label is weaker evidence than a full ceramide, cholesterol and fatty acid blend.","Ceramide NP explained: what the N and P in the name mean, how ceramides rebuild the skin barrier, typical percentages, and what a label really tells you.",{"slug":1999,"inci_name":1987,"category":1086,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":2000,"concerns_for":2001,"also_known_as":2002,"function":2003,"title":2005,"tldr":2006,"meta_description":2010,"updated_at":1248},"ceramides",[1103,1040,1007,1132],[958,1009,976],[1987,1991],[1211,2004],"hydration","Ceramides",{"does":2007,"for_whom":2008,"red_flags":2009},"Replenishes the lipids that hold the skin barrier together, locking in moisture and blocking irritants.","Dry, sensitive, eczema-prone, or barrier-compromised skin of any age.","Essentially none — one of the safest, most broadly tolerated categories in skincare.","Ceramides make up roughly half the lipids in your skin barrier — why they're essential, not optional, in a real routine.",{"slug":2012,"inci_name":2013,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2014,"concerns_for":2015,"also_known_as":2016,"function":2017,"title":2013,"tldr":2018,"meta_description":2022,"updated_at":969},"cetearyl-alcohol","Cetearyl Alcohol",[],[958],[],[519,522,1397],{"does":2019,"for_whom":2020,"red_flags":2021},"A blend of fatty alcohols that thickens and stabilizes creams while acting as an emollient that softens and smooths skin. It is a workhorse of lotion and cream formulation.","Most skin types, including dry skin.","Non-drying despite the 'alcohol' name; a rare allergen for some.","A blend of fatty alcohols that thickens and stabilizes creams while acting as an emollient that softens and smooths skin.",{"slug":2024,"inci_name":2025,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2026,"concerns_for":2027,"also_known_as":2028,"function":2029,"title":2025,"tldr":2030,"meta_description":2034,"updated_at":2035},"cetearyl-glucoside","Cetearyl Glucoside",[],[],[],[522,1539],{"does":2031,"for_whom":2032,"red_flags":2033},"A non-ionic emulsifier that pairs a fatty alcohol with glucose, used to hold oil and water together in creams and lotions. It usually arrives as part of a blend with cetearyl alcohol, which is why the two so often appear in sequence on a label.","Anyone using a moisturiser — it is a structural ingredient rather than a choice, and the emulsions it builds tend to feel light and soft rather than waxy.","It does nothing for skin directly, so a cream is not better for containing it. Emulsifier systems do influence how a product spreads, how it layers under sunscreen and how quickly it sinks in, all of which are texture questions rather than safety ones.","Cetearyl Glucoside is a sugar-based emulsifier that holds oil and water together in light-feeling creams and lotions.","2026-08-09T03:00:03+00:00",{"slug":2037,"inci_name":2038,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2039,"concerns_for":2040,"also_known_as":2041,"function":2042,"title":2038,"tldr":2043,"meta_description":2046,"updated_at":969},"cetyl-alcohol","Cetyl Alcohol",[],[958],[],[519,522,1397],{"does":2044,"for_whom":2020,"red_flags":2045},"A fatty alcohol used as an emollient and thickener that softens skin and gives creams a smooth, stable body. Despite the name it is non-drying, unlike simple alcohols.","A texture and emollient ingredient; a rare allergen for very reactive skin.","A fatty alcohol used as an emollient and thickener that softens skin and gives creams a smooth, stable body.",{"slug":2048,"inci_name":2049,"category":1004,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":2050,"concerns_for":2051,"also_known_as":2052,"function":2056,"title":2057,"tldr":2058,"meta_description":2062,"updated_at":1248},"chamomile","Chamomilla Recutita Extract",[1007,1103,1040,1132],[1009,1010,958],[2053,2054,2055],"matricaria recutita","german chamomile","chamomilla recutita",[1004,1015,238],"Chamomile",{"does":2059,"for_whom":2060,"red_flags":2061},"A classic calming botanical extract that reduces redness and supports comfort in irritated skin.","Sensitive, reactive, or easily inflamed skin, and formulations aimed at soothing after sun exposure or actives.","Asteraceae\u002Fragweed family allergy sufferers may react to chamomile.","Chamomile: how this botanical soothes irritated skin, the evidence for it, and how it fits into a calming routine.",{"slug":2064,"inci_name":2065,"category":790,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2066,"concerns_for":2067,"also_known_as":2068,"function":2069,"title":2065,"tldr":2070,"meta_description":2074,"updated_at":1446},"chlorphenesin","Chlorphenesin",[],[],[],[790],{"does":2071,"for_whom":2072,"red_flags":2073},"A preservative used to control bacteria and fungi in cosmetics, frequently combined with other preservatives such as phenoxyethanol to broaden protection. It helps maintain product safety.","Present in some preservative systems as a supporting agent.","Can occasionally irritate sensitive skin; a preservative, not an active.","Chlorphenesin is a partial-spectrum preservative, which is why it is paired with phenoxyethanol — capped at 0.3% in the EU and rarely allergenic.",{"slug":2076,"inci_name":2077,"category":1086,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":2078,"concerns_for":2079,"also_known_as":2080,"function":2082,"title":2077,"tldr":2083,"meta_description":2087,"updated_at":1248},"cholesterol","Cholesterol",[1103,1007,1040],[958,1009,976],[2081],"cholesterin",[381,519],{"does":2084,"for_whom":2085,"red_flags":2086},"A key lipid that, alongside ceramides and fatty acids, rebuilds and reinforces the skin barrier.","Dry, barrier-compromised, or sensitive skin, and anyone recovering from over-exfoliation or eczema flares.","Rarely sourced as vegan (typically animal- or wool-derived, e.g. from lanolin), though synthetic\u002Fphytosterol-derived versions exist.","Cholesterol in skincare: its role in the ceramide-fatty-acid-cholesterol barrier trio, evidence, and how to use it.",{"slug":2089,"inci_name":2090,"category":1457,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":2091,"concerns_for":2092,"also_known_as":2093,"function":2096,"title":2090,"tldr":2097,"meta_description":2101,"updated_at":1054},"citric-acid","Citric Acid",[1149,1040,1132],[977,1042,633],[2094,2095],"2-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid","Citrate",[1457,1226,1785],{"does":2098,"for_whom":2099,"red_flags":2100},"A citrus-derived AHA that exfoliates the surface and adjusts formula pH.","Oily and combination skin wanting mild resurfacing and brighter tone.","Higher strengths sting and can compromise the barrier if overused.","Citric acid explained: how this AHA exfoliates, adjusts pH, and brightens skin, plus safe percentages and what to avoid pairing it with.",{"slug":2103,"inci_name":2104,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2105,"concerns_for":2106,"also_known_as":2107,"function":2109,"title":2104,"tldr":2110,"meta_description":2114,"updated_at":2035},"cocamidopropyl-betaine","Cocamidopropyl Betaine",[],[],[2108],"CAPB",[898,1091],{"does":2111,"for_whom":2112,"red_flags":2113},"A coconut-derived amphoteric surfactant used in cleansers, shampoos and micellar waters. It rarely does the cleaning alone; its usual job is to sit alongside a stronger surfactant, thicken the mixture and soften how harsh that partner feels on skin.","It appears across the price range in face washes, body washes and baby cleansers, generally in formulas aiming for a milder feel than a plain sulphate base.","It has a documented history as a contact allergen, and the reaction is often traced to manufacturing residues rather than the molecule itself, so purity varies between suppliers. People with a known reaction to it usually recognise the name from a patch-test result rather than from a product label.","Cocamidopropyl Betaine is a coconut-derived co-surfactant that softens the feel of a cleanser — and a known, if uncommon, contact allergen.",{"slug":2116,"inci_name":2117,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2118,"concerns_for":2119,"also_known_as":2120,"function":2122,"title":2117,"tldr":2123,"meta_description":2127,"updated_at":1069},"coco-caprylate-caprate","Coco-Caprylate\u002FCaprate",[],[958],[2121],"Coco-caprylate",[519,1397],{"does":2124,"for_whom":2125,"red_flags":2126},"A light plant-derived ester made from coconut alcohol and short-chain fatty acids. It spreads thinly, leaves a dry, non-greasy finish and is the usual choice when a brand wants a silicone-like slip without silicones or mineral oil.","Lightweight creams, sunscreens and cleansing oils, including oily and combination skin.","Purely a texture and softening ingredient — it does not repair or treat anything; very rich formulas built around esters can still feel heavy.","Coco-Caprylate\u002FCaprate is a light coconut-derived ester giving a dry, silicone-like slip without silicones or mineral oil.",{"slug":2129,"inci_name":2130,"category":1086,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":2131,"concerns_for":2132,"also_known_as":2133,"function":2136,"title":2130,"tldr":2137,"meta_description":2141,"updated_at":413},"coco-glucoside","Coco-Glucoside",[1103,1007],[],[2134,2135],"Coconut glucoside","Alkyl polyglucoside",[898],{"does":2138,"for_whom":2139,"red_flags":2140},"A mild nonionic cleansing agent built from coconut-derived fatty alcohols and glucose. It lifts oil and dirt with far less protein disruption than the classic sulfates, and foams gently rather than abundantly.","Sensitive, dry and easily stripped skin, and anyone whose cleanser leaves a tight, squeaky feeling. It is the backbone of most low-irritation and baby cleansers.","Mild is not the same as inert — any surfactant used long enough or hot enough will strip. As supplied it is strongly alkaline, so the finished product needs to be pH-adjusted; a cleanser that is not is the real problem, not the surfactant.","Coco-glucoside explained: how a sugar-based alkyl polyglucoside cleanses with less irritation than sulfates, where it works, and why formula pH still decides.",{"slug":2143,"inci_name":2144,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2145,"concerns_for":2146,"also_known_as":2147,"function":2148,"title":2149,"tldr":2150,"meta_description":2154,"updated_at":1232},"coconut-oil","Cocos Nucifera Oil",[],[958],[],[519,712],"Coconut Oil",{"does":2151,"for_whom":2152,"red_flags":2153},"A plant oil rich in saturated fatty acids that softens skin and forms an occlusive film limiting water loss. It is solid at cool temperatures and melts on contact with skin.","Dry skin and body care; often used in cleansing balms.","Widely reported as pore-clogging on facial skin and a common trigger for breakouts in acne-prone users.","A plant oil rich in saturated fatty acids that softens skin and forms an occlusive film limiting water loss.",{"slug":2156,"inci_name":2157,"category":1038,"safety_grade":2158,"skin_types":2159,"concerns_for":2160,"also_known_as":2161,"function":2165,"title":2166,"tldr":2167,"meta_description":2171,"updated_at":1054},"ghk-cu","Copper Tripeptide-1",3,[1103,1040],[976,1042,977],[2162,2163,2164],"Copper Peptides","GHK-Cu","Copper Tripeptide",[1038,1138,238],"Copper Peptides (GHK-Cu)",{"does":2168,"for_whom":2169,"red_flags":2170},"A copper-binding tripeptide studied for stimulating collagen production and supporting wound healing and skin firmness.","Those targeting fine lines, loss of firmness, or general anti-aging support.","Can oxidize and destabilize vitamin C and other antioxidants when layered directly; caution in pregnancy due to limited topical data.","GHK-Cu (copper peptides) is an anti-aging tripeptide studied for boosting collagen, elastin, and wound healing.",{"slug":2173,"inci_name":2174,"category":1004,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2175,"concerns_for":2176,"also_known_as":2177,"function":2178,"title":2179,"tldr":2180,"meta_description":2184,"updated_at":969},"cucumber-extract","Cucumis Sativus Fruit Extract",[],[958,1009,1010],[],[1004,619],"Cucumber Extract",{"does":2181,"for_whom":2182,"red_flags":2183},"A watery botanical extract traditionally used to cool, hydrate and calm the look of tired or irritated skin. It provides mild humectant and soothing benefits.","Most skin types, especially stressed or heat-exposed skin.","A gentle, mild soothing ingredient rather than a strong active.","A watery botanical extract traditionally used to cool, hydrate and calm the look of tired or irritated skin.",{"slug":2186,"inci_name":2187,"category":238,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2188,"concerns_for":2189,"also_known_as":2190,"function":2192,"title":2193,"tldr":2194,"meta_description":2198,"updated_at":969},"curcumin","Curcuma Longa Root Extract",[],[976,1009,977,1010],[2191],"Turmeric extract",[238,1004],"Curcumin (Turmeric)",{"does":2195,"for_whom":2196,"red_flags":2197},"The main antioxidant compound of turmeric, used to help defend skin against oxidative stress and calm the look of irritation. It has a long history in traditional care.","Most skin types wanting botanical antioxidant and soothing support.","Naturally yellow and can temporarily stain; a cosmetic antioxidant, not a medical treatment.","The main antioxidant compound of turmeric, used to help defend skin against oxidative stress and calm the look of irritation.",{"slug":2200,"inci_name":2187,"category":238,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":2201,"concerns_for":2202,"also_known_as":2203,"function":2207,"title":2208,"tldr":2209,"meta_description":2213,"updated_at":2214},"turmeric-extract",[1607,1040,1149,1007],[1009,633,67,977],[2204,2205,2206],"Curcumin","Curcuma Longa","Tetrahydrocurcuminoids",[238,1015,973],"Turmeric Extract",{"does":2210,"for_whom":2211,"red_flags":2212},"A root extract whose curcuminoids are strongly anti-inflammatory, sold either as the yellow whole extract or as its colourless derivative.","Redness-prone, congested and unevenly pigmented skin.","Curcumin is bright yellow and stains; the colourless version on most labels is a different molecule.","Turmeric extract: why cosmetic formulas use tetrahydrocurcuminoids instead of curcumin, and what the anti-inflammatory evidence supports.","2026-08-20T03:00:02+00:00",{"slug":2216,"inci_name":2217,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2218,"concerns_for":2219,"also_known_as":2220,"function":2223,"title":2217,"tldr":2224,"meta_description":2228,"updated_at":969},"cyclopentasiloxane","Cyclopentasiloxane",[],[958],[2221,2222],"D5","Cyclomethicone",[519,1397],{"does":2225,"for_whom":2226,"red_flags":2227},"A volatile silicone that gives a weightless, silky glide and then evaporates, leaving a smooth non-greasy finish. It is used to improve spreadability and skin feel.","Most skin types wanting a light, silky texture.","A sensory\u002Ftexture ingredient with no treatment action; some choose to avoid volatile silicones.","A volatile silicone that gives a weightless, silky glide and then evaporates, leaving a smooth non-greasy finish.",{"slug":2230,"inci_name":2231,"category":973,"safety_grade":2158,"skin_types":2232,"concerns_for":2233,"also_known_as":2234,"function":2237,"title":2238,"tldr":2239,"meta_description":2243,"updated_at":564},"cysteamine","Cysteamine Hydrochloride",[1607,1040,1103,1149],[633],[2235,2236],"Cysteamine HCl","Beta-mercaptoethylamine",[973,238],"Cysteamine",{"does":2240,"for_whom":2241,"red_flags":2242},"A small sulphur-containing molecule the body already makes, applied topically to reduce excess facial pigment. It interferes with melanin production at more than one point rather than through a single mechanism.","Stubborn facial hyperpigmentation, including the pattern usually diagnosed as melasma, in people who cannot or would rather not use hydroquinone.","It smells strongly of sulphur, which is the usual reason people abandon it. It is used as a short-contact step that is washed off, not a leave-on serum, and pigment that keeps returning is a reason to see a clinician rather than to escalate at home.","Cysteamine: the aminothiol with real randomised evidence behind it, the short-contact protocol the trials used, and the smell nobody warns you about.",{"slug":2245,"inci_name":2246,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2247,"concerns_for":2248,"also_known_as":2249,"function":2250,"title":2246,"tldr":2251,"meta_description":2255,"updated_at":2035},"decyl-glucoside","Decyl Glucoside",[],[],[],[898],{"does":2252,"for_whom":2253,"red_flags":2254},"A non-ionic surfactant made by joining a plant-derived fatty alcohol to glucose. It foams modestly, tolerates a wide pH range and is often chosen for cleansers positioned at sensitive or infant skin.","Formulas built around a gentle feel — micellar waters, low-foam gel cleansers, baby washes — and mineral sunscreens, where it also helps disperse the powder.","Alkyl polyglucosides are naturally alkaline as supplied, so a cleanser built on them has to be pH-adjusted deliberately; the ingredient's reputation for gentleness does not survive a formula that skips that step. Rare allergic contact reactions have been reported.","Decyl Glucoside is a sugar-based non-ionic surfactant used in low-foam, sensitive-skin cleansers — mild in character but pH-dependent in practice.",{"slug":2257,"inci_name":2258,"category":790,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2259,"concerns_for":2260,"also_known_as":2261,"function":2262,"title":2258,"tldr":2263,"meta_description":2267,"updated_at":1475},"dehydroacetic-acid","Dehydroacetic Acid",[],[],[],[790],{"does":2264,"for_whom":2265,"red_flags":2266},"A preservative effective mainly against yeast and mold, often used together with benzyl alcohol in gentler, 'natural-positioned' preservative systems. It helps keep water-based products stable.","Common in mild and naturally-marketed preservative blends.","A preservative rather than a skin-treatment ingredient; works best at lower pH.","A preservative effective mainly against yeast and mold, often used together with benzyl alcohol in gentler, 'natural-positioned' preservative systems.",{"slug":2269,"inci_name":2270,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2271,"concerns_for":2272,"also_known_as":2273,"function":2274,"title":2270,"tldr":2275,"meta_description":2279,"updated_at":1069},"dicaprylyl-carbonate","Dicaprylyl Carbonate",[],[958],[],[519,962,1397],{"does":2276,"for_whom":2277,"red_flags":2278},"A very light, dry-feeling emollient ester that thins out heavy oils and makes creams spread easily. It is also a good solvent for oil-soluble UV filters, so it turns up constantly in sunscreens where texture is the hardest problem to solve.","Sunscreens and fluid moisturisers, and anyone who dislikes a greasy afterfeel.","A carrier and texture ingredient with no active benefit; it does not make a sunscreen more protective, only more pleasant to wear.","Dicaprylyl Carbonate is a dry-touch emollient that thins heavy oils and dissolves UV filters, common in modern sunscreens.",{"slug":2281,"inci_name":2282,"category":888,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2283,"concerns_for":2284,"also_known_as":2285,"function":2288,"title":2286,"tldr":2289,"meta_description":2293,"updated_at":969},"uvinul-a-plus","Diethylamino Hydroxybenzoyl Hexyl Benzoate",[],[633,976],[2286,2287],"Uvinul A Plus","DHHB",[1440],{"does":2290,"for_whom":2291,"red_flags":2292},"A photostable organic UVA filter that absorbs long-wave ultraviolet-A radiation, helping protect against the deeper, aging effects of sun exposure. It is often paired with UVB filters for broad-spectrum cover.","Those seeking strong, stable UVA protection where it is approved.","Provides mainly UVA, so it is combined with UVB filters; not approved in every market.","A photostable organic UVA filter that absorbs long-wave ultraviolet-A radiation, helping protect against the deeper, aging effects of sun exposure.",{"slug":2295,"inci_name":2296,"category":888,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2297,"concerns_for":2298,"also_known_as":2299,"function":2302,"title":2296,"tldr":2303,"meta_description":2307,"updated_at":1069},"iscotrizinol","Diethylhexyl Butamido Triazone",[],[633,976],[2300,2301],"Iscotrizinol","Uvasorb HEB",[1440],{"does":2304,"for_whom":2305,"red_flags":2306},"A large, oil-soluble UVB filter sold under names including Iscotrizinol and Uvasorb HEB. Its molecular size keeps it on the skin surface, and it is photostable enough to be used as a partner that helps hold less stable filters together.","Sunscreens made for regions where it is approved, particularly high-protection formulas that need strong UVB absorption without a heavy feel.","It covers UVB, so UVA protection has to come from elsewhere in the formula; read the broad-spectrum or PA marking rather than the filter list. Approval is regional and it is not available in every market, which is one reason sunscreen formulas differ so much between countries.","Diethylhexyl Butamido Triazone (Iscotrizinol) is a large, photostable UVB filter used in high-protection sunscreens where it is approved.",{"slug":2309,"inci_name":2310,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2311,"concerns_for":2312,"also_known_as":2313,"function":2316,"title":2310,"tldr":2317,"meta_description":2321,"updated_at":969},"dimethicone","Dimethicone",[],[958],[2314,2315],"Polydimethylsiloxane","PDMS",[712,519,1397],{"does":2318,"for_whom":2319,"red_flags":2320},"A silicone that forms a breathable, water-resistant film giving skin a smooth, silky feel while reducing water loss and softening rough texture. It also improves product slip and blurs the look of pores.","Most skin types; common in moisturizers, primers and barrier creams.","Non-comedogenic in testing but some prefer to avoid the occlusive silicone feel; a texture and barrier ingredient.","Dimethicone is a silicone that sits on the skin rather than in it — what it does for a barrier, why the suffocation and build-up claims do not hold, and the real caveat.",{"slug":2323,"inci_name":2324,"category":1038,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2325,"concerns_for":2326,"also_known_as":2327,"function":2329,"title":2324,"tldr":2330,"meta_description":2334,"updated_at":969},"dipeptide-diaminobutyroyl-benzylamide","Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide Diacetate",[],[976],[2328],"Syn-Ake",[1038,1047],{"does":2331,"for_whom":2332,"red_flags":2333},"A synthetic peptide marketed to soften the look of expression lines by dampening muscle-contraction signaling at the skin surface, sometimes called a topical 'snake-venom-inspired' peptide. Its effect is far milder than injectable treatments.","Those targeting dynamic expression lines who want a non-injectable option.","A cosmetic peptide with modest topical effects; not comparable to injectables.","A synthetic peptide marketed to soften the look of expression lines by dampening muscle-contraction signaling at the skin surface, sometimes called a topic...",{"slug":2336,"inci_name":2337,"category":1004,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2338,"concerns_for":2339,"also_known_as":2340,"function":2343,"title":2337,"tldr":2344,"meta_description":2348,"updated_at":1069},"dipotassium-glycyrrhizate","Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate",[],[958,1009,1010],[2341,2342],"Licorice root derivative","Dipotassium glycyrrhizinate",[1004,619],{"does":2345,"for_whom":2346,"red_flags":2347},"A water-soluble salt derived from licorice root, used because it disperses easily into watery formulas where the oil-soluble licorice fractions will not go. It is a long-standing choice in products aimed at visible redness and general reactivity.","Sensitive, reactive or post-treatment skin, in toners, essences and gel moisturisers.","Comfort is not the same as treatment, and it will not address the cause of persistent redness; licorice allergy, while rare, does occur.","Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate is a water-soluble licorice derivative used in gentle formulas aimed at visible redness.",{"slug":2350,"inci_name":2351,"category":790,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2352,"concerns_for":2353,"also_known_as":2354,"function":2357,"title":2351,"tldr":2358,"meta_description":2362,"updated_at":1431},"disodium-edta","Disodium EDTA",[],[],[2355,2356],"EDTA","Disodium Ethylenediaminetetraacetate",[963,1539],{"does":2359,"for_whom":2360,"red_flags":2361},"A chelator rather than a preservative in its own right: it binds trace metal ions left over from water and raw materials, which would otherwise speed up rancidity and blunt the preservative system. It also helps cleansers foam in hard water.","A background formulation aid found in almost every water-based product.","Used at very low levels and not a skin-treatment ingredient; environmental persistence is the more discussed concern rather than skin tolerance.","Disodium EDTA is a chelator that ties up trace metal ions so emulsions stay stable and preservatives keep working.",{"slug":2364,"inci_name":2365,"category":888,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2366,"concerns_for":2367,"also_known_as":2368,"function":2371,"title":2370,"tldr":2372,"meta_description":2376,"updated_at":969},"mexoryl-xl","Drometrizole Trisiloxane",[],[633,976],[2369,2370],"Drometrizole trisiloxane","Mexoryl XL",[1440],{"does":2373,"for_whom":2374,"red_flags":2375},"A photostable organic filter that absorbs across both UVA and UVB, valued for helping deliver broad-spectrum protection in stable formulas. It is oil-soluble and complements water-soluble filters.","Those wanting broad-spectrum protection where it is approved.","Availability is restricted in some markets; part of a broader filter system.","A photostable organic filter that absorbs across both UVA and UVB, valued for helping deliver broad-spectrum protection in stable formulas.",{"slug":2378,"inci_name":2379,"category":1086,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":2380,"concerns_for":2381,"also_known_as":2382,"function":2384,"title":2379,"tldr":2386,"meta_description":2390,"updated_at":1054},"ectoin","Ectoin",[1103,1007,1040],[958,1009,976],[2383],"1,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic Acid",[2385,1211,1015],"osmolyte",{"does":2387,"for_whom":2388,"red_flags":2389},"Protects skin cells from environmental stress and locks in moisture at a cellular level.","Sensitive, stressed, or environmentally exposed skin needing extra protection.","Premium ingredient — often underdosed in budget formulas below the studied threshold.","Ectoin: the microbe-derived extremolyte that shields skin cells from stress and locks in hydration — the evidence and how to use it.",{"slug":2392,"inci_name":2393,"category":973,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2394,"concerns_for":2395,"also_known_as":2396,"function":2397,"title":2393,"tldr":2398,"meta_description":2402,"updated_at":969},"ellagic-acid","Ellagic Acid",[],[633,976,977],[],[238,973],{"does":2399,"for_whom":2400,"red_flags":2401},"A polyphenol antioxidant found in berries and pomegranate that helps protect skin from oxidative stress and supports a more even tone. It is used for both antioxidant and brightening purposes.","Those seeking antioxidant support with mild tone benefits.","A supporting antioxidant\u002Fbrightener; effects are gradual.","A polyphenol antioxidant found in berries and pomegranate that helps protect skin from oxidative stress and supports a more even tone.",{"slug":2404,"inci_name":2405,"category":238,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2406,"concerns_for":2407,"also_known_as":2408,"function":2411,"title":2405,"tldr":2412,"meta_description":2416,"updated_at":1069},"epigallocatechin-gallate","Epigallocatechin Gallate",[],[976,1009,977,1010],[2409,2410],"EGCG","Green tea catechin",[238,1004],{"does":2413,"for_whom":2414,"red_flags":2415},"The main catechin in green tea, isolated rather than left in a whole leaf extract. It is one of the most studied plant antioxidants in the laboratory, where it also shows calming activity, and appears in serums framed around pollution and redness.","Reactive or easily flushed skin, and antioxidant routines avoiding vitamin C.","It oxidises and browns readily, so packaging matters; most published work is laboratory or oral rather than topical.","Epigallocatechin Gallate is green tea's main catechin, a well-studied antioxidant in the lab that oxidises easily in formulas.",{"slug":2418,"inci_name":2419,"category":1004,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2420,"concerns_for":2421,"also_known_as":2422,"function":2424,"title":2425,"tldr":2426,"meta_description":2430,"updated_at":969},"willow-herb-extract","Epilobium Angustifolium Extract",[],[1009,1010],[2423],"Epilobium extract",[1004],"Willow Herb Extract",{"does":2427,"for_whom":2428,"red_flags":2429},"A botanical extract used to calm the appearance of redness and irritation and to support blemish-prone skin. It is a popular anti-irritant in sensitive-skin formulas.","Sensitive, reactive and blemish-prone skin.","A gentle soothing ingredient with mild, supporting effects.","A botanical extract used to calm the appearance of redness and irritation and to support blemish-prone skin.",{"slug":2432,"inci_name":2433,"category":238,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2434,"concerns_for":2435,"also_known_as":2436,"function":2439,"title":2433,"tldr":2440,"meta_description":2444,"updated_at":1069},"ergothioneine","Ergothioneine",[],[976,1009,977,1010],[2437,2438],"EGT","L-Ergothioneine",[238,1004],{"does":2441,"for_whom":2442,"red_flags":2443},"A sulphur-containing amino acid derivative concentrated in certain mushrooms, which the body takes up through a dedicated transporter. In formulas it acts as a stable antioxidant, often paired with vitamin C or E to spread the workload.","Antioxidant serums aimed at dullness and environmental stress, on most skin types.","Human topical evidence is still thin compared with the laboratory data, and it is an expensive raw material often used at token levels.","Ergothioneine is a stable mushroom-derived antioxidant used in serums, though human topical evidence remains limited.",{"slug":2446,"inci_name":2447,"category":619,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2448,"concerns_for":2449,"also_known_as":2450,"function":2451,"title":2447,"tldr":2453,"meta_description":2457,"updated_at":1232},"erythritol","Erythritol",[],[958],[],[619,2452],"hydrating",{"does":2454,"for_whom":2455,"red_flags":2456},"A sugar alcohol used as a humectant that attracts and holds moisture while giving a light, non-sticky finish. It also helps improve product texture.","Most skin types, especially those wanting hydration without tackiness.","Very well tolerated; a supporting humectant.","A sugar alcohol used as a humectant that attracts and holds moisture while giving a light, non-sticky finish.",{"slug":2459,"inci_name":2460,"category":888,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2461,"concerns_for":2462,"also_known_as":2463,"function":2467,"title":2464,"tldr":2468,"meta_description":2472,"updated_at":1446},"octinoxate","Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate",[],[633,976],[2464,2465,2466],"Octinoxate","OMC","Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate",[1440],{"does":2469,"for_whom":2470,"red_flags":2471},"One of the most common organic (chemical) UVB filters, which absorbs ultraviolet-B radiation to help prevent sunburn. It is oil-soluble and widely used in sunscreens worldwide.","Those wanting UVB protection in a lightweight chemical sunscreen.","Provides mainly UVB (not UVA) coverage, so it is combined with UVA filters; restricted in some regions over environmental concerns.","Octinoxate is a UVB-only filter that breaks down in sunlight and destabilises avobenzone — what the absorption studies found, and where it is banned.",{"slug":2474,"inci_name":2475,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2476,"concerns_for":2477,"also_known_as":2478,"function":2480,"title":2475,"tldr":2481,"meta_description":2485,"updated_at":2486},"ethylhexyl-palmitate","Ethylhexyl Palmitate",[],[958],[2479],"Octyl palmitate",[519,962],{"does":2482,"for_whom":2483,"red_flags":2484},"A light synthetic ester used as an emollient and as a carrier for oil-soluble ingredients. It spreads quickly and leaves a dry, silky finish rather than the weight of a plant oil, which is why it appears in sunscreens and primers as well as creams.","Formulas aiming for slip without greasiness, and any product that needs to dissolve an oil-soluble UV filter or antioxidant evenly.","It is a texture ingredient, not an active. Esters of this family are sometimes discussed in relation to clogged pores, but reported comedogenicity varies widely between sources and testing methods, so no rating is asserted here — patch-testing a new product on a small area remains the practical answer.","Ethylhexyl palmitate's comedogenic ratings contradict each other, and both come from a discredited test — but the fungal-acne answer is firm.","2026-08-18T21:40:38+00:00",{"slug":2488,"inci_name":2489,"category":888,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2490,"concerns_for":2491,"also_known_as":2492,"function":2495,"title":2493,"tldr":2496,"meta_description":2500,"updated_at":969},"octisalate","Ethylhexyl Salicylate",[],[633,976],[2493,2494],"Octisalate","Ethylhexyl salicylate",[1440],{"does":2497,"for_whom":2498,"red_flags":2499},"A gentle organic UVB filter that absorbs ultraviolet-B and also helps solubilize and stabilize other filters. It is valued for its mildness and water resistance.","Those wanting a well-tolerated UVB filter in chemical sunscreens.","Provides mainly UVB coverage and is used alongside UVA filters.","A gentle organic UVB filter that absorbs ultraviolet-B and also helps solubilize and stabilize other filters.",{"slug":2502,"inci_name":2503,"category":888,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2504,"concerns_for":2505,"also_known_as":2506,"function":2510,"title":2507,"tldr":2511,"meta_description":2515,"updated_at":969},"uvinul-t-150","Ethylhexyl Triazone",[],[633,976],[2507,2508,2509],"Uvinul T 150","Ethylhexyl triazone","Octyltriazone",[1440],{"does":2512,"for_whom":2513,"red_flags":2514},"A highly efficient, photostable organic UVB filter that provides strong ultraviolet-B absorption at low concentrations. It is prized for its stability and elegant feel.","Those wanting efficient UVB protection where it is approved.","Covers UVB only, so it is paired with UVA filters; not approved in all markets such as the US.","A highly efficient, photostable organic UVB filter that provides strong ultraviolet-B absorption at low concentrations.",{"slug":2517,"inci_name":2518,"category":619,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2519,"concerns_for":2520,"also_known_as":2521,"function":2522,"title":2518,"tldr":2523,"meta_description":2527,"updated_at":1232},"ethylhexylglycerin","Ethylhexylglycerin",[],[958],[],[619,519,963],{"does":2524,"for_whom":2525,"red_flags":2526},"A preservative booster: it disrupts microbial cell membranes so a formula's main preservative works harder, letting formulators use less of it overall.","Anyone reading an ingredient list and wondering what sits next to phenoxyethanol — it is there to make the preservative system efficient, not to treat skin.","Not a skincare active and never claimed to be; rare contact sensitisation has been reported, as with many preservative-adjacent ingredients.","Ethylhexylglycerin explained: how a preservative booster works, why it is paired with phenoxyethanol, typical percentages and sensitisation notes.",{"slug":2529,"inci_name":2530,"category":238,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":2531,"concerns_for":2532,"also_known_as":2533,"function":2535,"title":2530,"tldr":2537,"meta_description":2541,"updated_at":1054},"ferulic-acid","Ferulic Acid",[1103,1149,1040,1007,1132],[976,633,977],[2534],"4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic Acid",[238,2536,1539],"photoprotectant",{"does":2538,"for_whom":2539,"red_flags":2540},"Neutralizes free radicals and dramatically boosts the stability and potency of vitamin C.","Anyone using a vitamin C serum who wants it to actually stay active in the bottle and on skin.","Rarely used alone — its real value shows up in combination formulas.","Ferulic acid: the antioxidant that stabilizes vitamin C and vitamin E and doubles their photoprotection — the science, explained.",{"slug":2543,"inci_name":2544,"category":238,"safety_grade":2545,"skin_types":2546,"concerns_for":2547,"also_known_as":2548,"function":2551,"title":2552,"tldr":2553,"meta_description":2557,"updated_at":1054},"fullerene","Fullerenes",4,[1040,1149,1103],[976,977],[2549,2550],"Buckminsterfullerene","C60",[238,1038],"Fullerene",{"does":2554,"for_whom":2555,"red_flags":2556},"A carbon-cage nanomaterial studied as a potent free-radical scavenger for anti-aging formulations.","Those seeking advanced antioxidant support for photoaging and environmental stress.","Nanomaterial safety and long-term data are still being established; used at very low concentrations.","Fullerene (C60) is a carbon-based antioxidant studied for free-radical scavenging and anti-aging skincare benefits.",{"slug":2559,"inci_name":2560,"category":973,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":2561,"concerns_for":2562,"also_known_as":2563,"function":2567,"title":2568,"tldr":2569,"meta_description":2573,"updated_at":1248},"galactomyces","Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate",[1103,1149,1040,1007],[977,1042,633,976],[2564,2565,2566],"galactomyces ferment filtrate","GFF","sake yeast extract",[973,238,2004],"Galactomyces Ferment",{"does":2570,"for_whom":2571,"red_flags":2572},"A yeast fermentation filtrate rich in vitamins, minerals, and organic acids, used to improve tone, texture, and radiance.","Dull, uneven-textured skin, popularized through Japanese and Korean fermented-skincare traditions.","Ferment metabolites vary by batch; patch testing is advised for reactive skin.","Galactomyces ferment filtrate: origins in sake fermentation, evidence for radiance and texture, and how it fits a routine.",{"slug":2575,"inci_name":2560,"category":973,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":2576,"concerns_for":2577,"also_known_as":2578,"function":2581,"title":2560,"tldr":2582,"meta_description":2586,"updated_at":384},"galactomyces-ferment-filtrate",[1607,1040,1103],[977,1042,633],[2579,2580],"Pitera","Saccharomycopsis Ferment Filtrate",[973,619,238],{"does":2583,"for_whom":2584,"red_flags":2585},"A yeast ferment filtrate rich in amino acids, vitamins and organic acids, sold as a brightening and texture-refining essence.","Normal to dry skin wanting a lightweight hydrating essence with mild brightening.","It is a yeast ferment, and people with Malassezia-driven breakouts commonly report flares on it.","Galactomyces ferment filtrate: what the fermentation actually leaves behind, how thin the independent evidence is, and who reports flares.",{"slug":2588,"inci_name":2589,"category":238,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2590,"concerns_for":2591,"also_known_as":2592,"function":2593,"title":2594,"tldr":2595,"meta_description":2599,"updated_at":969},"ginkgo-biloba-extract","Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract",[],[976,1009,977,1010],[],[238,1004],"Ginkgo Biloba Extract",{"does":2596,"for_whom":2597,"red_flags":2598},"A leaf extract rich in flavonoid antioxidants used to protect skin from oxidative stress and support a calmer, more comfortable surface. It is a common botanical in protective formulas.","Most skin types wanting botanical antioxidant support.","A supporting antioxidant with gradual, mild effects.","A leaf extract rich in flavonoid antioxidants used to protect skin from oxidative stress and support a calmer, more comfortable surface.",{"slug":2601,"inci_name":2602,"category":1457,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":2603,"concerns_for":2604,"also_known_as":2605,"function":2607,"title":2608,"tldr":2609,"meta_description":2613,"updated_at":1054},"gluconolactone","Gluconolactone",[1103,1007,1040,1132],[1042,977,1408],[2606],"PHA",[1457,238,619],"PHA (Gluconolactone)",{"does":2610,"for_whom":2611,"red_flags":2612},"Exfoliates gently while hydrating, making it the mildest chemical exfoliant available.","Sensitive skin, rosacea, or anyone who reacts poorly to AHAs and BHAs.","Minimal — it's one of the lowest-irritation actives in this category.","Gluconolactone (PHA): the gentlest chemical exfoliant, ideal for sensitive and reactive skin — how it works and how to use it.",{"slug":2615,"inci_name":2616,"category":973,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":2617,"concerns_for":2618,"also_known_as":2619,"function":2623,"title":2616,"tldr":2624,"meta_description":2628,"updated_at":1054},"glutathione","Glutathione",[1103,1149,1040,1007],[633,977,976],[2620,2621,2622],"GSH","reduced glutathione","L-glutathione",[238,973],{"does":2625,"for_whom":2626,"red_flags":2627},"A tripeptide antioxidant studied for lightening overall skin tone and buffering oxidative stress.","People targeting dullness or diffuse pigmentation who want an antioxidant-forward brightening approach.","Oral high-dose use for skin lightening is medically debated; topical evidence is preliminary.","Glutathione: how this antioxidant tripeptide affects skin tone, what the evidence shows, and how to use it topically.",{"slug":2630,"inci_name":2631,"category":619,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":2632,"concerns_for":2633,"also_known_as":2634,"function":2637,"title":2631,"tldr":2638,"meta_description":2642,"updated_at":1054},"glycerin","Glycerin",[1103,1149,1040,1007,1132],[958,1042],[2635,2636],"Glycerol","Glycerine",[619,1211,519],{"does":2639,"for_whom":2640,"red_flags":2641},"Draws water into the outer skin layer and reinforces the barrier that keeps it there.","Every skin type, including reactive and eczema-prone skin.","None established at cosmetic concentrations; sticky-feeling in humid climates at high %.","Glycerin: the humectant behind most moisturizers. How it hydrates skin, real evidence, safe concentrations, and what it pairs well with.",{"slug":2644,"inci_name":2645,"category":790,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2646,"concerns_for":2647,"also_known_as":2648,"function":2649,"title":2645,"tldr":2650,"meta_description":2654,"updated_at":1791},"glyceryl-caprylate","Glyceryl Caprylate",[],[],[],[519,963],{"does":2651,"for_whom":2652,"red_flags":2653},"A monoester of glycerin and caprylic acid that does two jobs at once: it softens skin as a light emollient and it makes life harder for microbes, so formulators use it to support a preservative system while it also improves feel.","Lightweight lotions, essences and products aiming at a short ingredient list, where one multitasking ingredient replaces two.","It is a support ingredient rather than a preservative in its own right, and a formula relying on it alone for protection is making a bigger claim than the material supports. It has no active effect on skin beyond emolliency.","Glyceryl Caprylate is a glycerin-derived ester that acts as a light emollient while supporting a formula's preservative system.",{"slug":2656,"inci_name":2657,"category":619,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2658,"concerns_for":2659,"also_known_as":2660,"function":2661,"title":2657,"tldr":2662,"meta_description":2666,"updated_at":1232},"glyceryl-glucoside","Glyceryl Glucoside",[],[958],[],[619,2452],{"does":2663,"for_whom":2664,"red_flags":2665},"A sugar-and-glycerin derived osmolyte that acts as a humectant to support the skin's water balance and moisture-retention. It is often used in deep-hydration and moisture-barrier products.","Dry and dehydrated skin seeking durable hydration.","Gentle and well tolerated.","A sugar-and-glycerin derived osmolyte that acts as a humectant to support the skin's water balance and moisture-retention.",{"slug":2668,"inci_name":2669,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2670,"concerns_for":2671,"also_known_as":2672,"function":2673,"title":2669,"tldr":2674,"meta_description":2678,"updated_at":969},"glyceryl-stearate","Glyceryl Stearate",[],[958],[],[519,522],{"does":2675,"for_whom":2676,"red_flags":2677},"A widely used emulsifier and emollient that binds oil and water into stable creams while softening and conditioning skin. It contributes a smooth, cushiony texture.","Most skin types.","A formulation ingredient rather than an active; well tolerated.","A widely used emulsifier and emollient that binds oil and water into stable creams while softening and conditioning skin.",{"slug":2680,"inci_name":2681,"category":1457,"safety_grade":2158,"skin_types":2682,"concerns_for":2683,"also_known_as":2684,"function":2687,"title":2688,"tldr":2689,"meta_description":2693,"updated_at":1054},"glycolic-acid","Glycolic Acid",[1149,1040],[1042,977,633,1408],[2685,2686],"AHA","Alpha Hydroxy Acid",[1457,427,973],"Glycolic Acid (AHA)",{"does":2690,"for_whom":2691,"red_flags":2692},"Dissolves the bonds between dead skin cells for smoother texture and brighter tone.","Oily and combination skin dealing with dullness, texture, or mild sun damage.","Increases sun sensitivity; smallest molecular size among AHAs means it penetrates deepest and irritates most easily.","Glycolic acid is the smallest, most-penetrating AHA — effective concentrations, sun-sensitivity risk, and safe layering rules.",{"slug":2695,"inci_name":2696,"category":1004,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2697,"concerns_for":2698,"also_known_as":2699,"function":2702,"title":2696,"tldr":2703,"meta_description":2707,"updated_at":969},"glycyrrhetinic-acid","Glycyrrhetinic Acid",[],[958,1009,1010],[2700,2701],"18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid","Licorice derivative",[1004,1211],{"does":2704,"for_whom":2705,"red_flags":2706},"A purified compound derived from licorice root used to calm the look of redness and irritation and comfort sensitive skin. It is a concentrated soothing counterpart to whole licorice extract.","Sensitive, reactive and irritated skin.","A gentle soothing active; generally well tolerated.","A purified compound derived from licorice root used to calm the look of redness and irritation and comfort sensitive skin.",{"slug":2709,"inci_name":2710,"category":973,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":2711,"concerns_for":2712,"also_known_as":2713,"function":2717,"title":2718,"tldr":2719,"meta_description":2723,"updated_at":1054},"licorice-root","Glycyrrhiza Glabra Root Extract",[1040,1007,1103,1149],[633,1009,977],[2714,2715,2716],"licorice extract","glabridin","Glycyrrhiza glabra",[973,238,1004],"Licorice Root",{"does":2720,"for_whom":2721,"red_flags":2722},"Inhibits tyrosinase to fade discoloration while calming inflammation-driven redness.","Anyone managing post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, or reactive, redness-prone skin.","Topical use is generally low-risk, but oral licorice during pregnancy is a separate concern — discuss with your OB if uncertain.","Licorice root extract reviewed by a cosmetic chemist: how glabridin brightens skin, evidence for melasma, and how to pair it safely.",{"slug":2725,"inci_name":2726,"category":1004,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":2727,"concerns_for":2728,"also_known_as":2729,"function":2732,"title":2733,"tldr":2734,"meta_description":2738,"updated_at":1054},"witch-hazel","Hamamelis Virginiana Water",[1149,1040,1007],[1408,1009],[2730,2731],"Hamamelis","Witch Hazel Extract",[1413,238,1004],"Witch Hazel",{"does":2735,"for_whom":2736,"red_flags":2737},"Tightens the look of pores, reduces oil, and calms mild inflammation.","Oily and combination skin looking for a lightweight, plant-derived toner ingredient.","Alcohol-based (distilled) versions can be drying and irritating with frequent use.","Witch hazel: how this plant astringent affects oily and sensitive skin, the evidence, and which formulations to avoid.",{"slug":2740,"inci_name":2741,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2742,"concerns_for":2743,"also_known_as":2744,"function":2745,"title":2746,"tldr":2747,"meta_description":2751,"updated_at":1232},"sunflower-seed-oil","Helianthus Annuus Seed Oil",[],[958,1009],[],[519,1211],"Sunflower Seed Oil",{"does":2748,"for_whom":2749,"red_flags":2750},"A light plant oil high in linoleic acid that reinforces the skin barrier and softens without a heavy finish. Its fatty-acid profile makes it a popular gentle facial oil.","Most skin types, including sensitive and barrier-compromised skin.","Generally well tolerated and considered low on the pore-clogging scale.","A light plant oil high in linoleic acid that reinforces the skin barrier and softens without a heavy finish.",{"slug":2753,"inci_name":2754,"category":1004,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2755,"concerns_for":2756,"also_known_as":2757,"function":2759,"title":2760,"tldr":2761,"meta_description":2765,"updated_at":969},"helichrysum-extract","Helichrysum Italicum Extract",[],[976,1009,977,1010],[2758],"Immortelle",[1004,238],"Helichrysum Extract",{"does":2762,"for_whom":2763,"red_flags":2764},"A botanical extract, also known as immortelle, used to soothe and support the look of stressed skin, with antioxidant properties. It is popular in calming and recovery formulas.","Sensitive and stressed skin.","Contains aromatic components; very reactive skin should patch test.","A botanical extract, also known as immortelle, used to soothe and support the look of stressed skin, with antioxidant properties.",{"slug":2767,"inci_name":2768,"category":973,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2769,"concerns_for":2770,"also_known_as":2771,"function":2772,"title":2768,"tldr":2773,"meta_description":2777,"updated_at":969},"hexylresorcinol","Hexylresorcinol",[],[633,976,977],[],[973,238],{"does":2774,"for_whom":2775,"red_flags":2776},"A resorcinol-derived active that helps fade the look of dark spots and even tone, with additional antioxidant activity. It is often positioned as a gentler alternative to hydroquinone.","Those targeting uneven tone and hyperpigmentation appearance.","Can cause irritation in sensitive skin; introduce gradually and use sun protection.","A resorcinol-derived active that helps fade the look of dark spots and even tone, with additional antioxidant activity.",{"slug":2779,"inci_name":2780,"category":1086,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":2781,"concerns_for":2782,"also_known_as":2783,"function":2787,"title":2788,"tldr":2789,"meta_description":2793,"updated_at":2794},"sea-buckthorn-oil","Hippophae Rhamnoides Oil",[1103,1607,1007],[958,1009,976],[2784,2785,2786],"Sea Buckthorn","Hippophae Rhamnoides Fruit Oil","Hippophae Rhamnoides Seed Oil",[519,238,1211,1138],"Sea Buckthorn Oil",{"does":2790,"for_whom":2791,"red_flags":2792},"A carotenoid-rich plant oil that comes in two very different forms — fruit and seed — with different fatty acids and very different colour.","Dry, compromised and mature skin; the seed oil suits anyone put off by the fruit oil colour.","Fruit oil is deep orange and will temporarily tint skin and fabric; both are fatty-acid oils and unsuitable for fungal acne.","Sea buckthorn oil: fruit versus seed, why one stains orange, and what the omega-7 claim is actually about.","2026-08-21T03:00:02+00:00",{"slug":2796,"inci_name":2780,"category":238,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":2797,"concerns_for":2798,"also_known_as":2799,"function":2801,"title":2784,"tldr":2802,"meta_description":2806,"updated_at":1054},"sea-buckthorn",[1103,1040,1007],[958,977,1009,976],[2788,2800],"Hippophae Oil",[238,381,1015],{"does":2803,"for_whom":2804,"red_flags":2805},"A carotenoid- and fatty-acid-rich oil that supports antioxidant defense and skin barrier repair.","Dry, dull, or environmentally stressed skin looking for nourishing antioxidant support.","Deep orange pigment can temporarily stain skin or fabric if used undiluted.","Sea buckthorn oil is rich in carotenoids and omega fatty acids that support skin barrier repair and antioxidant defense.",{"slug":2808,"inci_name":2809,"category":888,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2810,"concerns_for":2811,"also_known_as":2812,"function":2813,"title":2809,"tldr":2814,"meta_description":2818,"updated_at":969},"homosalate","Homosalate",[],[633,976],[],[1440],{"does":2815,"for_whom":2816,"red_flags":2817},"A common organic UVB filter that absorbs ultraviolet-B radiation and helps dissolve other sunscreen actives in a formula. It gives lightweight, cosmetically elegant textures.","Those wanting UVB protection in a chemical sunscreen.","Covers mainly UVB, so it is paired with UVA filters; usage levels are capped by regulators in some regions.","A common organic UVB filter that absorbs ultraviolet-B radiation and helps dissolve other sunscreen actives in a formula.",{"slug":2820,"inci_name":2821,"category":1004,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":2822,"concerns_for":2823,"also_known_as":2824,"function":2828,"title":2829,"tldr":2830,"meta_description":2834,"updated_at":1248},"heartleaf","Houttuynia Cordata Extract",[1007,1132,1149,1040],[1009,67,1010],[2825,2826,2827],"houttuynia cordata","fish mint","eodok",[1004,238,1015],"Heartleaf (Houttuynia)",{"does":2831,"for_whom":2832,"red_flags":2833},"A Korean-skincare botanical extract used to calm redness and support blemish-prone, reactive skin.","Sensitive, acne-prone, or easily flushed skin looking for a calming, lightweight active.","Pregnancy safety data specific to topical cosmetic use is limited; treat as a caution-flagged botanical.","Heartleaf (Houttuynia cordata): evidence for calming redness and acne-prone skin, and how it fits a soothing routine.",{"slug":2836,"inci_name":2837,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2838,"concerns_for":2839,"also_known_as":2840,"function":2841,"title":2837,"tldr":2842,"meta_description":2846,"updated_at":1069},"hydrogenated-polyisobutene","Hydrogenated Polyisobutene",[],[958],[],[519,712],{"does":2843,"for_whom":2844,"red_flags":2845},"A synthetic hydrocarbon liquid often used where mineral oil once was. It sits on the surface, slows water loss and gives a cushioned, glossy slip, and it does not oxidise or go rancid the way many plant oils eventually do.","Lip products, balms and rich creams; also cleansing formulas, where its ability to dissolve makeup is the point.","It is inert and stays on the surface rather than feeding skin, so it supports the barrier rather than repairing it. Whether an occlusive layer suits you is a texture and skin-type question — very rich formulas can feel heavy on skin that is oily rather than dry.","Hydrogenated Polyisobutene is a stable synthetic hydrocarbon giving glossy slip and slowing water loss in balms, lip products and cleansers.",{"slug":2848,"inci_name":2849,"category":619,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":2850,"concerns_for":2851,"also_known_as":2852,"function":2855,"title":2857,"tldr":2858,"meta_description":2862,"updated_at":2863},"collagen","Hydrolyzed Collagen",[1103,1040,1007],[958,976,1042],[2853,2854],"Hydrolyzed collagen peptides","Collagen amino acids",[619,2856],"skin-conditioning","Collagen",{"does":2859,"for_whom":2860,"red_flags":2861},"Hydrolyzed collagen peptides that hydrate the surface and support the skin's own structural proteins.","Dry and mature skin wanting extra plumping hydration.","Topical collagen cannot rebuild dermal collagen directly — its benefits are surface-level.","Collagen in skincare: how hydrolyzed collagen hydrates and supports the skin barrier, and why it can't replace your own collagen.","2026-08-06T20:50:27+00:00",{"slug":2865,"inci_name":2866,"category":619,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2867,"concerns_for":2868,"also_known_as":2869,"function":2872,"title":2866,"tldr":2873,"meta_description":2877,"updated_at":969},"hydrolyzed-hyaluronic-acid","Hydrolyzed Hyaluronic Acid",[],[958],[2870,2871],"Low molecular weight hyaluronic acid","Mini-HA",[619,2452],{"does":2874,"for_whom":2875,"red_flags":2876},"Hyaluronic acid broken into shorter chains so it penetrates further into the epidermis rather than sitting as a film on the surface.","Anyone who finds surface-only hydration insufficient, and formulators building multi-molecular-weight HA blends.","Deeper penetration is a mechanism, not a proven extra benefit — published HA evidence covers hydration and fine dehydration lines in the short term.","Hydrolyzed hyaluronic acid explained: why low-molecular-weight HA penetrates deeper, how multi-weight blends work, and what the evidence actually covers.",{"slug":2879,"inci_name":2880,"category":238,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2881,"concerns_for":2882,"also_known_as":2883,"function":2884,"title":2880,"tldr":2885,"meta_description":2889,"updated_at":969},"hydroxyacetophenone","Hydroxyacetophenone",[],[976,1009,977,1010],[],[238,1004,1539],{"does":2886,"for_whom":2887,"red_flags":2888},"A multifunctional ingredient used as an antioxidant and soothing agent that also helps stabilize formulas and support preservation. It is valued for calming and protective roles.","Sensitive skin, as a gentle supporting ingredient.","A formulation and soothing ingredient rather than a treatment active; well tolerated.","A multifunctional ingredient used as an antioxidant and soothing agent that also helps stabilize formulas and support preservation.",{"slug":2891,"inci_name":2892,"category":619,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2893,"concerns_for":2894,"also_known_as":2895,"function":2896,"title":2892,"tldr":2897,"meta_description":2901,"updated_at":1232},"hydroxyethyl-urea","Hydroxyethyl Urea",[],[958],[],[619,2452],{"does":2898,"for_whom":2899,"red_flags":2900},"A urea-derived humectant that holds water in the skin's surface layers, offering hydration similar to urea but with a milder, non-exfoliating profile. It helps keep skin supple.","Dry and dehydrated skin, including sensitive skin that finds plain urea too active.","Gentle and non-exfoliating; a moisturizer rather than a treatment.","A urea-derived humectant that holds water in the skin's surface layers, offering hydration similar to urea but with a milder, non-exfoliating profile.",{"slug":2903,"inci_name":2904,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2905,"concerns_for":2906,"also_known_as":2907,"function":2909,"title":2904,"tldr":2910,"meta_description":2914,"updated_at":2915},"hydroxyethylcellulose","Hydroxyethylcellulose",[],[],[2908],"HEC",[1397,1843],{"does":2911,"for_whom":2912,"red_flags":2913},"A thickener made by chemically modifying plant cellulose so it dissolves in water. It builds a clear, slightly stringy gel and is the backbone of many gel cleansers, masks and water-light serums.","Nearly everyone, though not as a choice — it is a texture ingredient that determines how a product pours and clings rather than anything it does to skin.","It does nothing for skin on its own, so a product is not better or worse for containing it. Cellulose gels can pill under sunscreen or makeup if layered heavily, which is a texture complaint rather than a safety concern.","Hydroxyethylcellulose is a plant-cellulose thickener that gives gel cleansers, masks and light serums their clear, gelled body.","2026-08-10T03:00:02+00:00",{"slug":2917,"inci_name":2918,"category":1038,"safety_grade":2158,"skin_types":2919,"concerns_for":2920,"also_known_as":2921,"function":2924,"title":2925,"tldr":2926,"meta_description":2930,"updated_at":1054},"granactive-retinoid","Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate",[1103,1149,1040,1007],[976,1042,1408],[2922,2923],"HPR","retinoic acid ester",[1038,427],"Granactive Retinoid",{"does":2927,"for_whom":2928,"red_flags":2929},"Binds directly to retinoid receptors without requiring conversion, offering retinoid effects with less irritation.","Retinoid beginners or those with sensitive skin who want anti-aging benefits with a gentler onset.","Not recommended during pregnancy; clinical evidence is thinner than for retinol or tretinoin.","Granactive Retinoid (hydroxypinacolone retinoate) is a direct-acting, low-irritation retinoid ester. See how it compares to retinol.",{"slug":2932,"inci_name":2933,"category":1038,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":2934,"concerns_for":2935,"also_known_as":2936,"function":2939,"title":2937,"tldr":2940,"meta_description":2944,"updated_at":564},"pro-xylane","Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol",[1607,1040,1103,1007],[976,958],[2937,2938],"Pro-Xylane","Xylose C-glycoside",[1038,2856],{"does":2941,"for_whom":2942,"red_flags":2943},"A small molecule made from the plant sugar xylose, formulated to support glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the layer that joins epidermis to dermis.","Dry or mature skin adding something to an already established routine; well tolerated, with no acid or retinoid-style adjustment period.","Nearly all the published work comes from the group that developed the molecule, and independent replication is thin. It is an addition to a routine rather than a substitute for actives others have tested repeatedly.","Pro-Xylane: what the xylose-derived C-glycoside is formulated to do, and the honest problem with an evidence base that has one main author.",{"slug":2946,"inci_name":2947,"category":1004,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":2948,"concerns_for":2949,"also_known_as":2950,"function":2953,"title":2947,"tldr":2954,"meta_description":2958,"updated_at":2794},"hypochlorous-acid","Hypochlorous Acid",[1149,1040,1007,1607],[67,1009,1010],[2951,2952],"HOCl","Electrolyzed Water",[1355,1004,1138],{"does":2955,"for_whom":2956,"red_flags":2957},"A mild antimicrobial the immune system makes itself, used as a spray to reduce bacteria and calm inflammation without stripping the barrier.","Acne-prone, post-procedure, eczema-prone and irritated skin; safe around the eyes.","Unstable — it degrades to salt water with light, heat and time, so an old or clear-bottled product may be doing nothing.","Hypochlorous acid: the antimicrobial your own neutrophils make, why it does not strip the barrier, and why the bottle matters more than the percentage.",{"slug":2960,"inci_name":2961,"category":238,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2962,"concerns_for":2963,"also_known_as":2964,"function":2965,"title":2961,"tldr":2966,"meta_description":2970,"updated_at":969},"idebenone","Idebenone",[],[976,977],[],[238],{"does":2967,"for_whom":2968,"red_flags":2969},"A synthetic antioxidant related to coenzyme Q10 that helps neutralize free radicals and protect skin from oxidative and environmental stress. It is used in anti-aging and protective formulas.","Those seeking strong antioxidant protection against environmental damage.","Can cause irritation or reactions in sensitive skin; patch test.","A synthetic antioxidant related to coenzyme Q10 that helps neutralize free radicals and protect skin from oxidative and environmental stress.",{"slug":2972,"inci_name":2973,"category":619,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2974,"concerns_for":2975,"also_known_as":2976,"function":2979,"title":2973,"tldr":2980,"meta_description":2984,"updated_at":1232},"inositol","Inositol",[],[958],[2977,2978],"Myo-inositol","Vitamin B8",[619,1091],{"does":2981,"for_whom":2982,"red_flags":2983},"A sugar-like compound that functions as a humectant and skin-conditioning agent, helping to hydrate and smooth the surface. It is sometimes grouped with the B-vitamin family.","Most skin types as a supporting hydrator.","Well tolerated; not a strong standalone active.","A sugar-like compound that functions as a humectant and skin-conditioning agent, helping to hydrate and smooth the surface.",{"slug":2986,"inci_name":2987,"category":790,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":2988,"concerns_for":2989,"also_known_as":2990,"function":2992,"title":2987,"tldr":2993,"meta_description":2997,"updated_at":1791},"iodopropynyl-butylcarbamate","Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate",[],[],[2991],"IPBC",[790],{"does":2994,"for_whom":2995,"red_flags":2996},"A preservative with strong activity against moulds and yeasts, used at very low levels and usually alongside a broader partner that covers bacteria. Regulators in several regions restrict both its concentration and the product types it may appear in.","Anyone using a water-containing product, which needs some preservative system — the alternative is not a cleaner formula but a spoiling one.","It is a documented contact allergen and appears on standard patch-test series, which is why it is regulated tightly and why people with a known reaction learn to scan for the abbreviation IPBC. This is a reason to read labels if you have that history, not a general safety verdict.","Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate (IPBC) is a low-level, regulated preservative effective against moulds and yeasts, and a known contact allergen.",{"slug":2999,"inci_name":3000,"category":888,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3001,"concerns_for":3002,"also_known_as":3003,"function":3007,"title":3000,"tldr":3009,"meta_description":3013,"updated_at":1069},"iron-oxides","Iron Oxides",[],[633,976],[3004,3005,3006],"CI 77491","CI 77492","CI 77499",[3008,2536],"pigment",{"does":3010,"for_whom":3011,"red_flags":3012},"The red, yellow and black mineral pigments that give tinted sunscreens, foundations and BB creams their colour. Because they are opaque across the visible range they also block visible light, which UV filters on their own do not.","People managing melasma and other pigmentation that reacts to visible light, and anyone who wants mineral sun protection without a white cast.","Only a tinted product contains them, so a clear or white sunscreen offers no visible-light coverage however high its SPF — SPF is a measure of UVB protection, not of the whole spectrum. Shade ranges on tinted mineral sunscreens are often narrow, and iron oxides are pigments rather than filters: they add to UV protection, they do not stand in for it.","Iron Oxides are the mineral pigments in tinted sunscreens and foundations; being opaque, they add visible-light coverage that UV filters do not provide.",{"slug":3015,"inci_name":3016,"category":973,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3017,"concerns_for":3018,"also_known_as":3019,"function":3021,"title":3016,"tldr":3022,"meta_description":3026,"updated_at":1069},"isobutylamido-thiazolyl-resorcinol","Isobutylamido Thiazolyl Resorcinol",[],[633,977],[3020],"Thiamidol",[973,994],{"does":3023,"for_whom":3024,"red_flags":3025},"A patented resorcinol derivative designed to bind human tyrosinase, the enzyme that starts pigment production, more tightly than older brighteners screened on mushroom enzyme. It is used in serums and spot treatments for stubborn dark patches.","Melasma-type discolouration and post-inflammatory marks, always with daily sunscreen.","Most published trials are sponsored by the company that patented it; results take months, and related resorcinols can irritate sensitive skin.","Isobutylamido Thiazolyl Resorcinol targets human tyrosinase for stubborn dark patches; most published trials are company-sponsored.",{"slug":3028,"inci_name":3029,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3030,"concerns_for":3031,"also_known_as":3032,"function":3033,"title":3029,"tldr":3034,"meta_description":3038,"updated_at":1069},"isododecane","Isododecane",[],[958],[],[962,519],{"does":3035,"for_whom":3036,"red_flags":3037},"A volatile branched hydrocarbon that spreads a product thinly and then evaporates, leaving whatever it carried behind. That behaviour is why it is the backbone of long-wear makeup and of sunscreens that need to lay down an even film without feeling wet.","Transfer-resistant lip and eye products, waterproof formulas, and hair oils and primers that must not feel greasy.","Because it evaporates rather than staying on skin, it does not moisturise and can leave a formula feeling drier than an equivalent non-volatile oil. It is also a strong solvent, which is why removing products built on it usually needs an oil or balm rather than water.","Isododecane is a volatile hydrocarbon that spreads and evaporates, leaving an even film — the backbone of long-wear and waterproof formulas.",{"slug":3040,"inci_name":3041,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3042,"concerns_for":3043,"also_known_as":3044,"function":3046,"title":3041,"tldr":3047,"meta_description":3051,"updated_at":969},"isopropyl-myristate","Isopropyl Myristate",[],[958],[3045],"IPM",[519,1091],{"does":3048,"for_whom":3049,"red_flags":3050},"A synthetic ester used as a lightweight emollient that reduces greasiness and improves the spread and absorption of formulas. It gives a dry, silky after-feel.","Most skin types wanting a non-greasy texture.","Rated as more likely to clog pores for very acne-prone skin; a texture ingredient, not an active.","A synthetic ester used as a lightweight emollient that reduces greasiness and improves the spread and absorption of formulas.",{"slug":3053,"inci_name":3054,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3055,"concerns_for":3056,"also_known_as":3057,"function":3061,"title":3054,"tldr":3063,"meta_description":3067,"updated_at":1069},"kaolin","Kaolin",[1149,1040],[1408],[3058,3059,3060],"China clay","White clay","Kaolinite",[1413,3062],"opacifier",{"does":3064,"for_whom":3065,"red_flags":3066},"A soft white aluminium silicate clay that absorbs oil and lends body to masks, powders and cleansers. Among the clays used on skin it is the mildest, drawing less aggressively than bentonite or rhassoul.","Oily and combination skin using wash-off masks, and formulas that need opacity — mineral powders lean on it heavily.","Absorbing surface oil is a temporary, cosmetic effect; it does not change how much sebum the skin goes on to produce. The usual route to tightness and irritation is leaving a clay mask on until it cracks dry, since the clay does its work while still damp.","Kaolin is a mild white clay that absorbs surface oil and adds body to masks and powders — the gentlest of the common cosmetic clays.",{"slug":3069,"inci_name":3070,"category":973,"safety_grade":2545,"skin_types":3071,"concerns_for":3072,"also_known_as":3073,"function":3074,"title":3070,"tldr":3075,"meta_description":3079,"updated_at":1054},"kojic-acid","Kojic Acid",[1040,1149,1103],[633,977],[],[973,238],{"does":3076,"for_whom":3077,"red_flags":3078},"Fades dark spots by blocking the enzyme that produces melanin.","Anyone with sun spots, melasma, or post-acne marks wanting a classic brightening agent.","Can be sensitizing at higher concentrations and may cause contact dermatitis in some users.","Kojic acid: the fermentation-derived tyrosinase inhibitor for fading dark spots — effective use, plus the sensitization caveat to know.",{"slug":3081,"inci_name":3082,"category":1457,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":3083,"concerns_for":3084,"also_known_as":3085,"function":3088,"title":3082,"tldr":3089,"meta_description":3093,"updated_at":1054},"lactic-acid","Lactic Acid",[1103,1007,1040,1132],[977,1042,633,958],[3086,3087],"Milk Acid","2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid",[1457,619],{"does":3090,"for_whom":3091,"red_flags":3092},"Exfoliates dead skin cells while pulling moisture into the skin at the same time.","Dry and sensitive skin wanting AHA-level resurfacing with less irritation than glycolic acid.","Increases sun sensitivity — daily SPF is non-negotiable while using it.","Lactic acid: the gentle, moisturizing AHA for dry and sensitive skin — evidence, effective percentages, and what not to mix it with.",{"slug":3095,"inci_name":3096,"category":1086,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":3097,"concerns_for":3098,"also_known_as":3099,"function":3102,"title":3096,"tldr":3104,"meta_description":3108,"updated_at":1248},"lactobacillus-ferment","Lactobacillus Ferment",[1103,1007,1040,1132],[958,1009,1042],[3100,3101],"lactobacillus ferment lysate","probiotic ferment",[1211,2004,3103],"microbiome-support",{"does":3105,"for_whom":3106,"red_flags":3107},"A probiotic-derived ferment filtrate that supports barrier function and skin microbiome balance.","Dry, reactive, or barrier-compromised skin, and those interested in microbiome-supportive formulations.","Ferment quality and composition vary by manufacturer; not a treatment for active infections.","Lactobacillus ferment: how this probiotic-derived filtrate supports the skin barrier and microbiome, and how to use it.",{"slug":3110,"inci_name":3111,"category":1457,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3112,"concerns_for":3113,"also_known_as":3114,"function":3115,"title":3111,"tldr":3116,"meta_description":3120,"updated_at":969},"lactobionic-acid","Lactobionic Acid",[],[976,958,977,1042],[2606],[1457,619,238],{"does":3117,"for_whom":3118,"red_flags":3119},"A polyhydroxy acid formed by oxidising lactose — a large molecule that exfoliates slowly and gently, with documented antioxidant and metal-chelating activity alongside.","Sensitive, rosacea-prone and barrier-compromised skin that cannot tolerate AHAs or BHAs but still wants exfoliation.","The anti-glycation claim attached to it in marketing is a far less mature area of independent clinical evidence than the exfoliation itself.","Lactobionic acid explained: how this large-molecule PHA exfoliates gently, its antioxidant role, usage levels, and why anti-glycation claims need caution.",{"slug":3122,"inci_name":3123,"category":1004,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":3124,"concerns_for":3125,"also_known_as":3126,"function":3129,"title":3123,"tldr":3130,"meta_description":3134,"updated_at":384},"lactoferrin","Lactoferrin",[1149,1040,1007],[67,1009],[3127,3128],"Milk Protein","Apolactoferrin",[1355,1015,1004],{"does":3131,"for_whom":3132,"red_flags":3133},"An iron-binding milk protein that starves bacteria of the iron they need, with the better evidence coming from oral use.","Acne-prone and inflamed skin, as a gentle antibacterial support.","Milk-derived, so not vegan; and the acne evidence people cite is from swallowing it, not applying it.","Lactoferrin: how iron sequestration starves bacteria, why the acne trials were oral, and what that means for a serum.",{"slug":3136,"inci_name":3137,"category":619,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3138,"concerns_for":3139,"also_known_as":3140,"function":3143,"title":3144,"tldr":3145,"meta_description":3149,"updated_at":1232},"laminaria-extract","Laminaria Digitata Extract",[],[976,958,977],[3141,3142],"Kelp extract","Brown seaweed extract",[619,1091,238],"Laminaria (Kelp) Extract",{"does":3146,"for_whom":3147,"red_flags":3148},"A brown-seaweed extract used as a mineral-rich humectant and skin-conditioning agent that helps hydrate and soften the surface. It also supplies antioxidant polysaccharides.","Most skin types, common in hydrating and marine-themed formulas.","Generally well tolerated; those with seaweed or iodine sensitivities should patch test.","A brown-seaweed extract used as a mineral-rich humectant and skin-conditioning agent that helps hydrate and soften the surface.",{"slug":3151,"inci_name":3152,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3153,"concerns_for":3154,"also_known_as":3155,"function":3158,"title":3152,"tldr":3159,"meta_description":3163,"updated_at":969},"lanolin","Lanolin",[],[958],[3156,3157],"Wool wax","Wool grease",[519,712],{"does":3160,"for_whom":3161,"red_flags":3162},"A waxy substance from sheep's wool that is a powerful emollient and occlusive, closely mimicking the skin's own surface lipids to soften and seal in moisture. It is a mainstay of very dry-skin and lip care.","Very dry, chapped and cracked skin.","Animal-derived (not vegan) and a possible allergen for some; heavy and occlusive.","A waxy substance from sheep's wool that is a powerful emollient and occlusive, closely mimicking the skin's own surface lipids to soften and seal in moisture.",{"slug":3165,"inci_name":3166,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3167,"concerns_for":3168,"also_known_as":3169,"function":3172,"title":3166,"tldr":3173,"meta_description":3177,"updated_at":1069},"lauric-acid","Lauric Acid",[],[67,958],[3170,3171],"Dodecanoic acid","C12 fatty acid",[519,1355],{"does":3174,"for_whom":3175,"red_flags":3176},"A saturated twelve-carbon fatty acid, most abundant in coconut and palm kernel oil, used as an emollient and as the feedstock for a great many surfactants and soaps. It has drawn research interest for activity against Cutibacterium acnes in laboratory conditions.","Mostly met indirectly, as a component of coconut-derived oils and cleansing bases, rather than sought out by name.","Antibacterial activity in a dish is not the same as a working acne treatment, and no topical product should be chosen on that basis. Coconut oil and its fatty acids are widely reported to clog pores for some people while suiting others perfectly well, which makes a small test area the sensible route rather than a verdict either way.","Lauric Acid is the saturated fatty acid that dominates coconut oil — an emollient and soap feedstock studied in the lab for antibacterial activity.",{"slug":3179,"inci_name":3180,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3181,"concerns_for":3182,"also_known_as":3183,"function":3185,"title":3180,"tldr":3186,"meta_description":3190,"updated_at":969},"lecithin","Lecithin",[],[958,1009],[3184],"Phosphatidylcholine source",[519,522,1211],{"does":3187,"for_whom":3188,"red_flags":3189},"A phospholipid, often from soy or sunflower, that acts as an emollient and natural emulsifier and supplies barrier-supporting lipids. It also helps deliver other ingredients.","Most skin types, especially dry and barrier-stressed skin.","Generally well tolerated; a multifunctional conditioning and formulation ingredient.","A phospholipid, often from soy or sunflower, that acts as an emollient and natural emulsifier and supplies barrier-supporting lipids.",{"slug":3192,"inci_name":3193,"category":238,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3194,"concerns_for":3195,"also_known_as":3196,"function":3197,"title":3198,"tldr":3199,"meta_description":3202,"updated_at":969},"edelweiss-extract","Leontopodium Alpinum Extract",[],[976,1009,977,1010],[],[238,1004],"Edelweiss Extract",{"does":3200,"for_whom":2597,"red_flags":3201},"An alpine-plant extract rich in antioxidant compounds that helps protect skin from environmental stress and supports a calmer surface. It is popular in protective and anti-aging formulas.","A supporting antioxidant with gradual effects.","An alpine-plant extract rich in antioxidant compounds that helps protect skin from environmental stress and supports a calmer surface.",{"slug":3204,"inci_name":3205,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3206,"concerns_for":3207,"also_known_as":3208,"function":3209,"title":3210,"tldr":3211,"meta_description":3215,"updated_at":969},"meadowfoam-seed-oil","Limnanthes Alba Seed Oil",[],[958],[],[519,712],"Meadowfoam Seed Oil",{"does":3212,"for_whom":3213,"red_flags":3214},"A remarkably stable plant oil with long-chain fatty acids that form a light protective film and lock in moisture. Its stability makes it resistant to going rancid.","Most skin types wanting a lightweight sealing oil.","Generally well tolerated; a conditioning oil.","A remarkably stable plant oil with long-chain fatty acids that form a light protective film and lock in moisture.",{"slug":3217,"inci_name":3218,"category":1086,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":3219,"concerns_for":3220,"also_known_as":3221,"function":3224,"title":3218,"tldr":3225,"meta_description":3229,"updated_at":1248},"linoleic-acid","Linoleic Acid",[1103,1149,1040,1132,1007],[958,67,1009],[3222,3223],"omega-6 fatty acid","vitamin F",[381,519,1756],{"does":3226,"for_whom":3227,"red_flags":3228},"An essential omega-6 fatty acid that reinforces the skin barrier and helps normalize sebum composition.","Dry skin needing barrier support and oily or acne-prone skin with a linoleic-acid deficient sebum profile.","High-oleic, low-linoleic plant oils (e.g. some heavier facial oils) may be less suitable for acne-prone skin by comparison.","Linoleic acid: its role in barrier repair and sebum balance, the evidence, and how it fits acne-prone and dry skin routines.",{"slug":3231,"inci_name":3232,"category":238,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3233,"concerns_for":3234,"also_known_as":3235,"function":3236,"title":3232,"tldr":3237,"meta_description":3241,"updated_at":969},"lycopene","Lycopene",[],[976,977],[],[238],{"does":3238,"for_whom":3239,"red_flags":3240},"A carotenoid antioxidant, responsible for the red color of tomatoes, used to help defend skin against free-radical and light-induced stress. It is a potent lipid-soluble antioxidant.","Those seeking antioxidant protection against environmental stress.","Naturally colored and prone to oxidation; a supporting antioxidant.","A carotenoid antioxidant, responsible for the red color of tomatoes, used to help defend skin against free-radical and light-induced stress.",{"slug":3243,"inci_name":3244,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3245,"concerns_for":3246,"also_known_as":3247,"function":3248,"title":3249,"tldr":3250,"meta_description":3254,"updated_at":969},"macadamia-oil","Macadamia Ternifolia Seed Oil",[],[958],[],[519,1091],"Macadamia Oil",{"does":3251,"for_whom":3252,"red_flags":3253},"A rich plant oil high in oleic and palmitoleic acids that cushions and softens skin, mimicking some of the skin's own surface lipids. It has a nourishing, velvety feel.","Dry and mature skin.","A richer oil that may be too heavy for oily or acne-prone skin.","A rich plant oil high in oleic and palmitoleic acids that cushions and softens skin, mimicking some of the skin's own surface lipids.",{"slug":3256,"inci_name":3257,"category":1004,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3258,"concerns_for":3259,"also_known_as":3260,"function":3262,"title":3257,"tldr":3263,"meta_description":3266,"updated_at":1446},"madecassic-acid","Madecassic Acid",[],[958,1009,1010],[3261],"Centella triterpene",[1004,1211],{"does":3264,"for_whom":3265,"red_flags":2706},"One of the active triterpenes isolated from Centella asiatica (cica), used to calm the look of redness and support the skin barrier. It is a purified counterpart to whole centella extract.","Sensitive, reactive and barrier-stressed skin.","Madecassic acid is one of four centella triterpenes, and almost all the evidence is for the mixture — what TECA actually showed, and what the isolate can honestly claim.",{"slug":3268,"inci_name":3269,"category":1004,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":3270,"concerns_for":3271,"also_known_as":3272,"function":3275,"title":3269,"tldr":3276,"meta_description":3280,"updated_at":1054},"madecassoside","Madecassoside",[1007,1103,1040,1132],[1009,1042,958],[3273,3274],"Centella asiatica saponin","madecassic acid glycoside",[1004,1138,238],{"does":3277,"for_whom":3278,"red_flags":3279},"A purified Centella asiatica compound that calms inflammation and accelerates visible healing of compromised skin.","Anyone with reactive, post-procedure, or barrier-damaged skin looking for a concentrated centella derivative.","Rare sensitivity is possible since it is plant-derived; patch test if you have known Centella or Apiaceae plant allergies.","Madecassoside explained by a cosmetic chemist: the purified Centella compound behind Korean 'cica' skincare and its evidence for barrier repair.",{"slug":3282,"inci_name":3283,"category":238,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":3284,"concerns_for":3285,"also_known_as":3286,"function":3289,"title":3283,"tldr":3290,"meta_description":3294,"updated_at":1054},"magnesium-ascorbyl-phosphate","Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate",[1103,1149,1040,1007,1132],[633,977,976],[3287,3288],"MAP","vitamin C phosphate",[238,973],{"does":3291,"for_whom":3292,"red_flags":3293},"Provides a stable, water-soluble vitamin C derivative that supports brightening and antioxidant defense.","Sensitive or acne-prone skin wanting vitamin C benefits without low-pH irritation.","Requires phosphatase-driven conversion to active ascorbic acid, which varies between individuals.","Magnesium ascorbyl phosphate is a stable vitamin C derivative for brightening and antioxidant defense. See evidence and best pairings.",{"slug":3296,"inci_name":3297,"category":1457,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":3298,"concerns_for":3299,"also_known_as":3300,"function":3303,"title":3297,"tldr":3304,"meta_description":3308,"updated_at":1054},"malic-acid","Malic Acid",[1040,1149],[977,1042,1408],[3301,3302],"hydroxysuccinic acid","apple acid",[1457,619],{"does":3305,"for_whom":3306,"red_flags":3307},"Exfoliates the skin surface as an alpha-hydroxy acid, often blended with other AHAs for a mild, balanced effect.","Those wanting gentle chemical exfoliation, often as part of multi-acid blends.","Can increase sun sensitivity and irritation, especially when combined with other actives.","Malic acid is a fruit-derived AHA used for gentle exfoliation and texture improvement. See how it works and safe pairings.",{"slug":3310,"inci_name":3311,"category":1457,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":3312,"concerns_for":3313,"also_known_as":3314,"function":3317,"title":3311,"tldr":3318,"meta_description":3322,"updated_at":1054},"mandelic-acid","Mandelic Acid",[1007,1132,1040,1149],[633,67,1042,977],[3315,3316],"Amygdalic acid","Almond acid",[1457,1355],{"does":3319,"for_whom":3320,"red_flags":3321},"A large-molecule AHA from bitter almonds that exfoliates gently while calming acne-prone skin.","Sensitive and acne-prone skin that reacts to glycolic acid.","Slower results than smaller AHAs, though far less irritating.","Mandelic acid guide: how this gentle, large-molecule AHA exfoliates and fights acne, effective percentages, and pregnancy safety notes.",{"slug":3324,"inci_name":3325,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3326,"concerns_for":3327,"also_known_as":3328,"function":3329,"title":3330,"tldr":3331,"meta_description":3335,"updated_at":1232},"mango-butter","Mangifera Indica Seed Butter",[],[958],[],[519,712],"Mango Butter",{"does":3332,"for_whom":3333,"red_flags":3334},"A soft plant butter pressed from mango seeds that conditions and softens skin while helping limit water loss. It has a lighter feel than many other butters.","Dry and normal skin wanting a non-greasy butter.","Rich texture may be too heavy for very oily skin.","A soft plant butter pressed from mango seeds that conditions and softens skin while helping limit water loss.",{"slug":3337,"inci_name":3338,"category":619,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":3339,"concerns_for":3340,"also_known_as":3341,"function":3344,"title":3345,"tldr":3346,"meta_description":3350,"updated_at":1248},"honey","Mel",[1103,1040,1007,1132],[958,977,1009,67],[3342,3343],"Manuka Honey","Mel Extract",[619,1122,1004],"Honey",{"does":3347,"for_whom":3348,"red_flags":3349},"A natural humectant with mild antimicrobial and soothing properties, historically used for wound care and dry skin.","Dry, sensitive, or blemish-prone skin seeking gentle hydration and calming benefits.","Potential allergen for those with bee product or pollen allergies; not vegan.","Honey is a natural humectant with antimicrobial and soothing properties, used for hydration and mild blemish support.",{"slug":3352,"inci_name":3353,"category":1450,"safety_grade":2545,"skin_types":3354,"concerns_for":3355,"also_known_as":3356,"function":3359,"title":3360,"tldr":3361,"meta_description":3365,"updated_at":1054},"tea-tree-oil","Melaleuca Alternifolia Leaf Oil",[1149,1040,1132],[67,1408],[3357,3358],"Melaleuca Oil","Ti Tree Oil",[1122,1015,1756],"Tea Tree Oil",{"does":3362,"for_whom":3363,"red_flags":3364},"Reduces acne-causing bacteria and calms inflamed breakouts.","Oily and acne-prone skin seeking a plant-derived alternative to benzoyl peroxide.","Oxidized or undiluted oil is a common cause of contact allergy; avoid on broken skin.","Tea tree oil for acne: how it works, clinical evidence versus benzoyl peroxide, safe concentrations, and who should avoid it.",{"slug":3367,"inci_name":3368,"category":238,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":3369,"concerns_for":3370,"also_known_as":3371,"function":3373,"title":3368,"tldr":3374,"meta_description":3378,"updated_at":433},"melatonin","Melatonin",[1607,1103,1040,1007],[976,1009,977],[3372],"N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine",[238,1004,1038],{"does":3375,"for_whom":3376,"red_flags":3377},"A hormone that is also a potent antioxidant, used topically at night to reduce oxidative stress rather than to affect sleep.","Ageing or photodamaged skin wanting a gentle evening antioxidant.","Topical evidence is early and mostly small-scale, and the pregnancy data is not there.","Melatonin in skincare: a genuine antioxidant with early evidence — what it does on skin, and what it does not do to your sleep.",{"slug":3380,"inci_name":3381,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3382,"concerns_for":3383,"also_known_as":3384,"function":3385,"title":3386,"tldr":3387,"meta_description":3391,"updated_at":969},"neem-oil","Melia Azadirachta Seed Oil",[],[958,1009,1010],[],[519,1004],"Neem Oil",{"does":3388,"for_whom":3389,"red_flags":3390},"A plant oil from the neem tree, long used in traditional care, valued as an emollient with soothing properties for blemish-prone and irritated skin. It has a distinctive strong odor.","Blemish-prone and problem skin (patch test first).","Strong, sulfurous scent and heavy texture; always dilute and patch test.","A plant oil from the neem tree, long used in traditional care, valued as an emollient with soothing properties for blemish-prone and irritated skin.",{"slug":3393,"inci_name":3394,"category":888,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3395,"concerns_for":3396,"also_known_as":3397,"function":3401,"title":3399,"tldr":3402,"meta_description":3406,"updated_at":969},"tinosorb-m","Methylene Bis-Benzotriazolyl Tetramethylbutylphenol",[],[633,976],[3398,3399,3400],"Bisoctrizole","Tinosorb M","MBBT",[1440],{"does":3403,"for_whom":3404,"red_flags":3405},"A modern broad-spectrum UV filter that both absorbs and scatters UVA and UVB rays, acting partly like a mineral and partly like an organic filter. It is highly photostable but not approved in all markets.","Those wanting broad-spectrum protection in regions where it is approved.","Not approved for sunscreens in every country (e.g. limited in the US); a particulate filter.","A modern broad-spectrum UV filter that both absorbs and scatters UVA and UVB rays, acting partly like a mineral and partly like an organic filter.",{"slug":3408,"inci_name":3409,"category":790,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3410,"concerns_for":3411,"also_known_as":3412,"function":3415,"title":3409,"tldr":3416,"meta_description":3420,"updated_at":1446},"methylisothiazolinone","Methylisothiazolinone",[],[],[3413,3414],"MI","MIT",[790],{"does":3417,"for_whom":3418,"red_flags":3419},"A potent broad-spectrum preservative effective at very low concentrations. Its wide use in leave-on products during the 2000s was followed by a well-documented rise in contact allergy, and EU rules now restrict it to rinse-off formats.","Mainly rinse-off cleansers and shampoos; a common patch-test allergen worth knowing by name.","One of the more frequently implicated preservative allergens — people with a known isothiazolinone sensitivity are generally advised to avoid it entirely.","Methylisothiazolinone caused the best-documented allergy epidemic in cosmetics, and the EU banned it in leave-on products — what it cross-reacts with outside skincare.",{"slug":3422,"inci_name":3423,"category":619,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3424,"concerns_for":3425,"also_known_as":3426,"function":3428,"title":3423,"tldr":3429,"meta_description":3433,"updated_at":969},"methylpropanediol","Methylpropanediol",[],[958],[3427],"MPdiol",[619,962],{"does":3430,"for_whom":3431,"red_flags":3432},"A light glycol used mostly as a solvent and texture-thinner, and partly as a humectant. It dissolves actives such as salicylic acid and is described by suppliers as helping them spread and absorb, which is why serums often feel fast-sinking.","Watery serums and toners where a weightless finish matters.","It carries other ingredients along with it, so an already-irritating formula can feel sharper; it is a support ingredient, not an active.","Methylpropanediol is a light glycol solvent that dissolves actives and gives serums a thin, fast-absorbing feel.",{"slug":3435,"inci_name":3436,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3437,"concerns_for":3438,"also_known_as":3439,"function":3440,"title":3436,"tldr":3441,"meta_description":3445,"updated_at":2915},"mica","Mica",[],[],[],[3008,3062],{"does":3442,"for_whom":3443,"red_flags":3444},"A naturally occurring mineral ground into fine platelets that reflect light. In skincare it is what makes a product look luminous on skin, and in makeup it is the base of most shimmer and many pearlescent finishes.","Anyone using a tinted moisturiser, primer or sunscreen with a radiant finish — the glow is optical, sitting on the surface rather than changing the skin under it.","Its effect is cosmetic and momentary: it makes light behave differently, which is not the same as improving skin. Sourcing has been the subject of sustained reporting on labour conditions in some mining regions, which is why many brands now state where their mica comes from or use a synthetic equivalent.","Mica is a light-reflecting mineral behind radiant finishes and shimmer — an optical effect on the surface, not a change to skin.",{"slug":3447,"inci_name":3448,"category":973,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":3449,"concerns_for":3450,"also_known_as":3451,"function":3454,"title":3455,"tldr":3456,"meta_description":3460,"updated_at":1054},"noni","Morinda Citrifolia Fruit Extract",[1040,1103],[977,633,976],[3452,3453],"Indian Mulberry","Great Morinda",[238,973],"Noni",{"does":3457,"for_whom":3458,"red_flags":3459},"Delivers antioxidant polyphenols that help fade dullness and support a more even tone.","Dull, tired-looking skin wanting a gentle plant-based brightening boost.","Human clinical trial data is thin — treat claims as supportive, not primary treatment.","Noni (Morinda citrifolia) extract: the antioxidant-rich tropical fruit ingredient for dullness and tone — what's proven and what's still marketing.",{"slug":3462,"inci_name":3463,"category":973,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":3464,"concerns_for":3465,"also_known_as":3466,"function":3469,"title":3470,"tldr":3471,"meta_description":3475,"updated_at":2863},"noni-ferment","Morinda Citrifolia Fruit Ferment",[1103,1040,1007],[977,633,1042],[3467,3468],"Fermented noni extract","Noni fruit ferment filtrate",[973,238],"Noni Fruit Ferment",{"does":3472,"for_whom":3473,"red_flags":3474},"A fermented form of noni fruit extract that brightens tone and delivers antioxidant support.","Dull, uneven-tone skin wanting a gentle, fermentation-boosted brightener.","Evidence is largely derived from unfermented noni; fermented-specific human data is sparse.","Noni fruit ferment guide: how fermentation enhances this brightening antioxidant, who it suits, and what to pair it with.",{"slug":3477,"inci_name":3478,"category":1086,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":3479,"concerns_for":3480,"also_known_as":3481,"function":3484,"title":3485,"tldr":3486,"meta_description":3490,"updated_at":405},"moringa-oil","Moringa Oleifera Seed Oil",[1103,1607],[958],[3482,3483,3478],"Ben Oil","Behen Oil",[519,238,1091],"Moringa Oil",{"does":3487,"for_whom":3488,"red_flags":3489},"An unusually stable seed oil, high in oleic acid, valued for shelf life and slip rather than for any single active.","Dry and normal skin; useful in balms and oils where rancidity is the practical enemy.","Oleic-rich oils are not the best choice for a compromised barrier or for fungal acne.","Moringa oil: why it lasts so much longer than other plant oils, and why oleic acid makes it wrong for some skin.",{"slug":3492,"inci_name":3493,"category":973,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3494,"concerns_for":3495,"also_known_as":3496,"function":3497,"title":3498,"tldr":3499,"meta_description":3503,"updated_at":969},"mulberry-extract","Morus Alba Root Extract",[],[633,976,977],[],[973,238],"Mulberry Extract",{"does":3500,"for_whom":3501,"red_flags":3502},"A botanical extract used to help even skin tone and reduce the look of dark spots by moderating pigment-enzyme activity, alongside antioxidant benefits. It is a common natural brightening ingredient.","Those wanting a plant-derived tone-evening option.","A gentle cosmetic brightener; effects are modest and gradual.","A botanical extract used to help even skin tone and reduce the look of dark spots by moderating pigment-enzyme activity, alongside antioxidant benefits.",{"slug":8,"inci_name":3505,"category":238,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":3506,"concerns_for":3507,"also_known_as":3508,"function":3511,"title":3505,"tldr":3512,"meta_description":3516,"updated_at":1054},"Niacinamide",[1103,1149,1040,1007,1132],[67,633,1408,977,1009],[3509,3510],"Vitamin B3","Nicotinamide",[238,1756,1211,973],{"does":3513,"for_whom":3514,"red_flags":3515},"Calms redness, tightens the look of pores, and rebuilds the skin barrier.","Nearly everyone — oily, sensitive, and acne-prone skin see the biggest gains.","Very high concentrations (over 10%) can cause transient flushing in reactive skin.","Niacinamide (Vitamin B3): the multitasker that reduces oil, fades dark spots, and strengthens the skin barrier — the science, effective %, and who it's for.",{"slug":3518,"inci_name":3519,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3520,"concerns_for":3521,"also_known_as":3522,"function":3524,"title":3525,"tldr":3526,"meta_description":3530,"updated_at":969},"black-cumin-seed-oil","Nigella Sativa Seed Oil",[],[976,958,1009,977,1010],[3523],"Black seed oil",[519,1004,238],"Black Cumin Seed Oil",{"does":3527,"for_whom":3528,"red_flags":3529},"A traditional plant oil rich in fatty acids and thymoquinone that conditions skin and is used to calm the look of blemished, reactive skin. It has antioxidant properties.","Blemish-prone and reactive skin (patch test first).","Strongly scented; a conditioning oil rather than a proven medical treatment.","A traditional plant oil rich in fatty acids and thymoquinone that conditions skin and is used to calm the look of blemished, reactive skin.",{"slug":3532,"inci_name":3533,"category":973,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3534,"concerns_for":3535,"also_known_as":3536,"function":3538,"title":3533,"tldr":3539,"meta_description":3543,"updated_at":1446},"dioic-acid","Octadecenedioic Acid",[],[633,977],[3537],"Dioic acid",[973,994],{"does":3540,"for_whom":3541,"red_flags":3542},"A plant-derived diacid used to help fade the appearance of dark spots and even tone through a mechanism distinct from acid exfoliation. It is positioned as a gentle brightening active.","Those wanting a mild, non-exfoliating tone-evening ingredient.","A supporting cosmetic brightener with gradual effects.","Dioic acid matched 2% hydroquinone in a 12-week melasma trial without hydroquinone's baggage — how it works on pigment and oil, and what the evidence does not cover.",{"slug":3545,"inci_name":3546,"category":888,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3547,"concerns_for":3548,"also_known_as":3549,"function":3550,"title":3546,"tldr":3551,"meta_description":3555,"updated_at":969},"octocrylene","Octocrylene",[],[633,976],[],[1440,1567],{"does":3552,"for_whom":3553,"red_flags":3554},"An organic UV filter that absorbs UVB and short UVA rays and is often added to stabilize other filters such as avobenzone. It also improves the water resistance of sunscreens.","Those wanting broad chemical UV coverage and photostable formulas.","A recognized contact allergen for some; part of a filter system rather than standalone broad-spectrum protection.","An organic UV filter that absorbs UVB and short UVA rays and is often added to stabilize other filters such as avobenzone.",{"slug":3557,"inci_name":3558,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3559,"concerns_for":3560,"also_known_as":3561,"function":3562,"title":3558,"tldr":3563,"meta_description":3567,"updated_at":1069},"octyldodecanol","Octyldodecanol",[],[958],[],[519,962],{"does":3564,"for_whom":3565,"red_flags":3566},"A branched fatty alcohol that is liquid at room temperature, unlike the waxy cetyl and stearyl alcohols. It behaves as a light oil: softening skin, thinning heavy waxes and dissolving oil-soluble ingredients.","Lip balms, cleansing balms, sticks and rich creams, where it stops a wax-heavy base from setting too hard to spread.","Its name causes confusion with the drying alcohol in toners, which is a different class of molecule entirely. Fatty alcohols like this one are emollients and do not have the defatting effect people associate with alcohol denat.","Octyldodecanol is a liquid fatty alcohol that softens skin and thins waxy bases — an emollient, not the drying alcohol of toners.",{"slug":3569,"inci_name":3570,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3571,"concerns_for":3572,"also_known_as":3573,"function":3575,"title":3576,"tldr":3577,"meta_description":3581,"updated_at":969},"evening-primrose-oil","Oenothera Biennis Oil",[],[958,1009],[3574],"EPO",[519,1211],"Evening Primrose Oil",{"does":3578,"for_whom":3579,"red_flags":3580},"A plant oil notable for its gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) content, an omega-6 fatty acid that supports the skin barrier and soothes dryness. It is often used in products for reactive, dry skin.","Dry, sensitive and barrier-compromised skin.","Prone to oxidation, so freshness and packaging matter; a conditioning oil rather than a proven active.","A plant oil notable for its gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) content, an omega-6 fatty acid that supports the skin barrier and soothes dryness.",{"slug":3583,"inci_name":3584,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3585,"concerns_for":3586,"also_known_as":3587,"function":3588,"title":3589,"tldr":3590,"meta_description":3594,"updated_at":969},"olive-oil","Olea Europaea Fruit Oil",[],[958],[],[519,712],"Olive Oil",{"does":3591,"for_whom":3592,"red_flags":3593},"A classic emollient plant oil high in oleic acid that softens skin and limits water loss. It has a long history of use in soaps and body care.","Dry skin and body care.","Can disrupt the barrier or clog pores in some acne-prone or sensitive facial users; better suited to the body.","A classic emollient plant oil high in oleic acid that softens skin and limits water loss.",{"slug":3596,"inci_name":3597,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3598,"concerns_for":3599,"also_known_as":3600,"function":3603,"title":3597,"tldr":3604,"meta_description":3608,"updated_at":3609},"oleic-acid","Oleic Acid",[1103],[958],[3601,3602],"Omega-9 fatty acid","Cis-9-octadecenoic acid",[519,1091,733],{"does":3605,"for_whom":3606,"red_flags":3607},"The dominant monounsaturated fatty acid in olive, avocado, marula and many other plant oils, and the reason those oils feel rich and sink in slowly. It softens and conditions, and it loosens the packing of the skin's own lipids enough to help other ingredients pass through.","Dry and dehydrated skin that wants a cushioned, slow-absorbing oil rather than a fast-drying one.","That same permeability effect is why oleic-rich oils are often reported as poorly tolerated on compromised or acne-prone skin; the evidence is mixed and the response individual, so treat it as a reason to patch test rather than a rule. Oils are blends, and the oleic-to-linoleic ratio shifts with crop and pressing, so the label rarely tells you the proportion you are getting.","Oleic Acid is the monounsaturated fatty acid behind rich plant oils like olive and avocado — softening, slow to absorb, and a mild penetration enhancer.","2026-08-11T03:00:02+00:00",{"slug":3611,"inci_name":3612,"category":1038,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":3613,"concerns_for":3614,"also_known_as":3615,"function":3618,"title":3621,"tldr":3622,"meta_description":3626,"updated_at":1054},"oligopeptides","Oligopeptide-1",[1103,1040,1007],[976,1042],[3616,3612,3617],"EGF Peptide","Copper Oligopeptides",[1038,3619,3620],"cell-signaling","collagen-stimulator","Oligopeptides",{"does":3623,"for_whom":3624,"red_flags":3625},"Short chains of amino acids that signal skin cells to behave younger — more collagen, better repair.","Anti-aging routines targeting firmness, fine lines, and overall resilience.","Umbrella term — efficacy depends heavily on the specific peptide sequence used.","Oligopeptides in skincare: how short peptide chains signal collagen production and repair — evidence, use, and pairing guidance.",{"slug":3628,"inci_name":3629,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3630,"concerns_for":3631,"also_known_as":3632,"function":3634,"title":3635,"tldr":3636,"meta_description":3640,"updated_at":969},"prickly-pear-oil","Opuntia Ficus-Indica Seed Oil",[],[976,958,1009,977],[3633],"Barbary fig seed oil",[519,238,1211],"Prickly Pear Seed Oil",{"does":3637,"for_whom":3638,"red_flags":3639},"A lightweight, linoleic-acid-rich plant oil high in vitamin E that conditions skin and provides antioxidant support with a fast-absorbing feel. It is prized in luxury facial oils.","Most skin types, including those wanting a light antioxidant oil.","Generally well tolerated; premium-priced due to low yield.","A lightweight, linoleic-acid-rich plant oil high in vitamin E that conditions skin and provides antioxidant support with a fast-absorbing feel.",{"slug":3642,"inci_name":3643,"category":619,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":3644,"concerns_for":3645,"also_known_as":3646,"function":3650,"title":3651,"tldr":3652,"meta_description":3656,"updated_at":405},"rice-ferment-filtrate","Oryza Sativa (Rice) Ferment Filtrate",[1607,1103,1040,1007],[958,977],[3647,3648,3649],"Rice Ferment","Sake Ferment Filtrate","Rice Water",[619,238,973],"Rice Ferment Filtrate",{"does":3653,"for_whom":3654,"red_flags":3655},"A fermented rice liquid carrying amino acids, sugars and ferulic acid, used as a lightweight hydrating and mildly brightening base.","Normal to dry skin wanting a light hydrating essence; common in gentle Korean and Japanese routines.","Composition varies enormously between producers, and rice water folklore claims far more than the ferment can support.","Rice ferment filtrate: what fermentation adds to rice water, the ferulic acid point, and why the folklore claims outrun the ingredient.",{"slug":3658,"inci_name":3659,"category":973,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":3660,"concerns_for":3661,"also_known_as":3662,"function":3666,"title":3667,"tldr":3668,"meta_description":3672,"updated_at":1248},"rice-extract","Oryza Sativa Extract",[1103,1007,1040,1149],[977,1042,1009],[3663,3664,3665],"rice water","rice bran extract","oryza sativa extract",[973,238,1004],"Rice Extract",{"does":3669,"for_whom":3670,"red_flags":3671},"A traditional brightening and soothing botanical rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and starches.","Dull or uneven-toned skin seeking a gentle, low-irritation brightening ingredient.","Evidence is mostly traditional and formulation-derived rather than from large clinical trials.","Rice extract: traditional use, evidence for brightening and soothing, and how it fits skincare formulations.",{"slug":3674,"inci_name":3675,"category":1038,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3676,"concerns_for":3677,"also_known_as":3678,"function":3679,"title":3675,"tldr":3680,"meta_description":3684,"updated_at":969},"palmitoyl-hexapeptide-12","Palmitoyl Hexapeptide-12",[],[976],[],[1038,1091],{"does":3681,"for_whom":3682,"red_flags":3683},"A conditioning signal peptide used in anti-aging formulas to support the look of smoother, firmer skin. It is often combined with other peptides in blends.","Those targeting early signs of aging.","A gentle cosmetic peptide with gradual, modest effects.","A conditioning signal peptide used in anti-aging formulas to support the look of smoother, firmer skin.",{"slug":3686,"inci_name":3687,"category":1038,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":3688,"concerns_for":3689,"also_known_as":3690,"function":3693,"title":3694,"tldr":3695,"meta_description":3699,"updated_at":1054},"peptides","Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4",[1103,1040,1007],[976,1042],[3691,3692],"Matrixyl","Pal-KTTKS",[1038,1369],"Peptides (Matrixyl)",{"does":3696,"for_whom":3697,"red_flags":3698},"Signals skin to produce more collagen, gradually softening fine lines.","Anyone starting to notice early signs of aging, especially dry or mature skin.","Results are slow and cumulative — not a substitute for retinoids in patients wanting faster change.","Peptides (Matrixyl): the collagen-signaling fragments that gently firm skin over time — the evidence, effective use, and what to pair them with.",{"slug":3701,"inci_name":3687,"category":1038,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":3702,"concerns_for":3703,"also_known_as":3704,"function":3706,"title":3687,"tldr":3707,"meta_description":3711,"updated_at":384},"palmitoyl-pentapeptide-4",[1607,1103,1040,1007],[976,1042],[3691,3692,3705],"Palmitoyl Oligopeptide",[1038,1369,3619],{"does":3708,"for_whom":3709,"red_flags":3710},"A signal peptide, sold as Matrixyl, that mimics a collagen fragment and prompts fibroblasts to build more matrix.","Anyone wanting an anti-ageing active that does not irritate — particularly people who cannot tolerate retinoids.","Most of the supporting data comes from the supplier, and the effect size is well below a retinoid.","Palmitoyl pentapeptide-4: how a collagen fragment signals repair, what Matrixyl studies show, and how it compares to a retinoid.",{"slug":3713,"inci_name":3714,"category":1038,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3715,"concerns_for":3716,"also_known_as":3717,"function":3718,"title":3714,"tldr":3719,"meta_description":3723,"updated_at":969},"palmitoyl-tetrapeptide-7","Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7",[],[976,1009,1010],[],[1038,1004],{"does":3720,"for_whom":3721,"red_flags":3722},"A synthetic signal peptide anchored to palmitic acid, intended to inhibit interleukin-6, an inflammatory cytokine implicated in inflammaging and collagen breakdown.","People building an anti-ageing routine who want a well-tolerated ingredient with no irritation cost — provided expectations match the evidence.","Most of the foundational data comes from the ingredient supplier's own studies, not large independent randomised trials.","Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 explained: the IL-6 rationale behind this Matrixyl peptide, why its evidence is supplier-led, and typical formula levels.",{"slug":3725,"inci_name":3726,"category":1038,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":3727,"concerns_for":3728,"also_known_as":3729,"function":3732,"title":3726,"tldr":3733,"meta_description":3737,"updated_at":1054},"palmitoyl-tripeptide-1","Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1",[1103,1040],[976,1042,977],[3730,3731],"Pal-GHK","Palmitoyl Tripeptide",[1038,1369],{"does":3734,"for_whom":3735,"red_flags":3736},"A fatty-acid-conjugated peptide fragment of collagen, studied for stimulating collagen synthesis in aging skin.","Those seeking support for fine lines, loss of firmness, and general anti-aging maintenance.","Evidence largely comes from smaller or supplier-associated studies rather than large independent trials.","Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1 is a collagen-fragment peptide studied for supporting firmness and reducing fine lines.",{"slug":3739,"inci_name":3740,"category":1038,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3741,"concerns_for":3742,"also_known_as":3743,"function":3744,"title":3740,"tldr":3745,"meta_description":3749,"updated_at":1069},"palmitoyl-tripeptide-5","Palmitoyl Tripeptide-5",[],[976],[],[1038,1091],{"does":3746,"for_whom":3747,"red_flags":3748},"A short peptide with a fatty acid tail attached so it mixes into the skin's lipids more readily. Suppliers describe it as a signal peptide meant to nudge the pathways involved in collagen production, and it is usually blended with other peptides.","Peptide serums and eye creams marketed for firmness and fine lines.","Independent published work on this peptide is limited, so treat firmness claims as unproven; adequate levels are rarely disclosed.","Palmitoyl Tripeptide-5 is a signal peptide used in firming serums, though independent published evidence for it is limited.",{"slug":3751,"inci_name":3752,"category":238,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":3753,"concerns_for":3754,"also_known_as":3755,"function":3758,"title":3759,"tldr":3760,"meta_description":3764,"updated_at":433},"ginseng-extract","Panax Ginseng Root Extract",[1607,1103,1040],[977,976,1009],[3756,3757],"Panax Ginseng","Korean Red Ginseng",[238,1004,1038],"Ginseng Extract",{"does":3761,"for_whom":3762,"red_flags":3763},"A root extract whose ginsenosides give antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, and a long history in Korean formulation.","Dull, tired-looking and mature skin wanting a gentle botanical antioxidant.","Most evidence is in vitro or from oral studies; topical human trials are small and often industry-run.","Ginseng extract: what ginsenosides actually do on skin, why the oral evidence does not transfer, and how to read the extract on a label.",{"slug":3766,"inci_name":3752,"category":1038,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":3767,"concerns_for":3768,"also_known_as":3769,"function":3772,"title":3774,"tldr":3775,"meta_description":3779,"updated_at":1054},"ginseng",[1103,1040],[976,977,1042],[3756,3770,3771],"Korean Ginseng","Red Ginseng Extract",[238,1038,3773],"circulation-support","Ginseng",{"does":3776,"for_whom":3777,"red_flags":3778},"Supplies ginsenosides that fight oxidative stress and support firmer, more radiant-looking skin.","Anti-aging routines targeting dullness, fine lines, and uneven texture.","Concentration and extraction method vary widely between products, so results are inconsistent.","Panax ginseng root extract for skin: antioxidant and anti-aging evidence, effective use, and what to pair it with.",{"slug":3781,"inci_name":3782,"category":619,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":3783,"concerns_for":3784,"also_known_as":3785,"function":3788,"title":3782,"tldr":3789,"meta_description":3793,"updated_at":1054},"panthenol","Panthenol",[1103,1007,1040,1149,1132],[958,1009,1042],[3786,3787],"pro-vitamin B5","dexpanthenol",[619,1004,1211],{"does":3790,"for_whom":3791,"red_flags":3792},"Hydrates, soothes irritation, and supports barrier repair by converting to vitamin B5 in the skin.","Nearly everyone, especially those with dry, sensitized, or barrier-compromised skin.","Almost none; one of the safest and best-tolerated ingredients across all skin types.","Panthenol (pro-vitamin B5) explained by a cosmetic chemist: how it hydrates, calms redness, and supports barrier repair at every skin type.",{"slug":3795,"inci_name":3796,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3797,"concerns_for":3798,"also_known_as":3799,"function":3801,"title":3802,"tldr":3803,"meta_description":3807,"updated_at":969},"mineral-oil","Paraffinum Liquidum",[],[958],[3800],"Liquid paraffin",[519,712],"Mineral Oil",{"does":3804,"for_whom":3805,"red_flags":3806},"A refined, inert occlusive and emollient oil that softens skin and slows water loss without penetrating deeply. Cosmetic grades are highly purified and non-comedogenic in testing.","Dry and sensitive skin wanting a stable, fragrance-free emollient.","Provides no nutrients; a purely occlusive\u002Femollient ingredient often disliked for its heavy feel.","A refined, inert occlusive and emollient oil that softens skin and slows water loss without penetrating deeply.",{"slug":3809,"inci_name":3810,"category":1086,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":3811,"concerns_for":3812,"also_known_as":3813,"function":3816,"title":3810,"tldr":3817,"meta_description":3821,"updated_at":413},"peg-100-stearate","PEG-100 Stearate",[],[],[3814,3815],"Polyethylene glycol 100 stearate","Polyoxyethylene (100) stearate",[522,898],{"does":3818,"for_whom":3819,"red_flags":3820},"A nonionic emulsifier — stearic acid with a polyethylene glycol chain attached — that holds oil and water together. It is almost always seen paired with glyceryl stearate, the two of them forming the workhorse system behind most lotions and creams.","Nobody in particular. It is a formulation ingredient rather than an active, and it does its work on the product rather than on skin.","Not an active, so it delivers no benefit of its own. The recurring worry attached to PEGs is 1,4-dioxane, a by-product of ethoxylation — a manufacturing purity question that suppliers control by stripping, not a property of the molecule.","PEG-100 stearate explained: what a PEGylated emulsifier actually does in a cream, why it is always next to glyceryl stearate, and what the 1,4-dioxane worry is.",{"slug":3823,"inci_name":3824,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3825,"concerns_for":3826,"also_known_as":3827,"function":3829,"title":3824,"tldr":3830,"meta_description":3834,"updated_at":2486},"peg-40-hydrogenated-castor-oil","PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil",[],[],[3828],"PEG-40 HCO",[865,522],{"does":3831,"for_whom":3832,"red_flags":3833},"A solubiliser made by attaching polyethylene glycol chains to hydrogenated castor oil. It performs the same job as a polysorbate — carrying oils and fragrance into water — and is common in clear cleansers, toners and micellar formulas.","Anyone using a transparent, water-based product that lists a fragrance or a plant oil; without something in this role, those two layers would not stay together.","PEG-type ingredients are sometimes avoided on the grounds of manufacturing residues, a concern about the production process rather than the molecule, and one addressed by supplier purification rather than by anything visible on a label. It has no effect on skin of its own.","PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil is why a toner with oil in it looks clear — the ethoxylation concern is real, the Cremophor anaphylaxis story is a category error.",{"slug":3836,"inci_name":3837,"category":619,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3838,"concerns_for":3839,"also_known_as":3840,"function":3842,"title":3837,"tldr":3843,"meta_description":3847,"updated_at":1232},"pentylene-glycol","Pentylene Glycol",[],[958],[3841],"1,2-Pentanediol",[619,962,963],{"does":3844,"for_whom":3845,"red_flags":3846},"A multifunctional glycol that acts as a humectant and solvent while also boosting the efficacy of a formula's preservative system. It helps dissolve other ingredients and adds light hydration.","Most skin types; common in serums and lightweight lotions.","A formulation aid rather than a treatment ingredient; rarely irritating but can be a trigger for the sensitivity-prone at high levels.","A multifunctional glycol that acts as a humectant and solvent while also boosting the efficacy of a formula's preservative system.",{"slug":316,"inci_name":3849,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3850,"concerns_for":3851,"also_known_as":3852,"function":3853,"title":3854,"tldr":3855,"meta_description":3859,"updated_at":969},"Persea Gratissima Oil",[],[958],[],[519,712],"Avocado Oil",{"does":3856,"for_whom":3857,"red_flags":3858},"A rich, oleic-acid-heavy plant oil that deeply softens skin and helps seal in moisture. It is high in fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins.","Dry and mature skin wanting a nourishing oil.","A heavier oil that may feel greasy or be pore-clogging for oily skin.","A rich, oleic-acid-heavy plant oil that deeply softens skin and helps seal in moisture.",{"slug":3861,"inci_name":3862,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3863,"concerns_for":3864,"also_known_as":3865,"function":3868,"title":3862,"tldr":3869,"meta_description":3873,"updated_at":969},"petrolatum","Petrolatum",[],[958,1009],[3866,3867],"Petroleum jelly","White soft paraffin",[712,1211],{"does":3870,"for_whom":3871,"red_flags":3872},"A refined semi-solid occlusive that forms a protective barrier reducing transepidermal water loss by a large margin. It is one of the most effective and inert moisturizing barrier agents.","Very dry, compromised or healing skin; a classic 'slugging' ingredient.","Greasy and occlusive; cosmetic-grade is highly purified, but the heavy feel does not suit everyone.","A refined semi-solid occlusive that forms a protective barrier reducing transepidermal water loss by a large margin.",{"slug":3875,"inci_name":3876,"category":790,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3877,"concerns_for":3878,"also_known_as":3879,"function":3880,"title":3876,"tldr":3881,"meta_description":3885,"updated_at":1475},"phenoxyethanol","Phenoxyethanol",[],[],[],[790],{"does":3882,"for_whom":3883,"red_flags":3884},"A broad-spectrum synthetic preservative that disrupts microbial membranes and enzyme activity, protecting a product from bacteria, yeast and mould during use.","Effectively everyone — it is one of the most extensively safety-reviewed preservatives and appears across the whole price range of skincare.","Capped at 1% in the EU; rare contact sensitisation occurs, and France's ANSM has issued a narrow precautionary advisory for the infant diaper area.","Phenoxyethanol explained: how a broad-spectrum preservative works, the EU 1% cap, the ANSM infant advisory, and what the safety record actually shows.",{"slug":3887,"inci_name":3888,"category":888,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3889,"concerns_for":3890,"also_known_as":3891,"function":3893,"title":3888,"tldr":3894,"meta_description":3898,"updated_at":1069},"phenylbenzimidazole-sulfonic-acid","Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonic Acid",[],[633,976],[3892],"Ensulizole",[1440],{"does":3895,"for_whom":3896,"red_flags":3897},"A water-soluble UVB filter, unusual in a category dominated by oil-soluble molecules. Being water-soluble lets it sit in the water phase, which is how some sunscreens achieve a very light, non-greasy feel.","Fluid and gel sunscreens, and hybrid products where a heavy oil phase would defeat the texture the formula is aiming for.","It filters UVB only, so it has to be paired for UVA coverage, and it requires neutralisation to a suitable pH to dissolve, which constrains what else the formula can contain. It is not approved in every market, so availability varies by region.","Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonic Acid (Ensulizole) is a water-soluble UVB filter used for very light, non-greasy sunscreen textures.",{"slug":3900,"inci_name":3901,"category":973,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3902,"concerns_for":3903,"also_known_as":3904,"function":3906,"title":3901,"tldr":3907,"meta_description":3911,"updated_at":969},"phenylethyl-resorcinol","Phenylethyl Resorcinol",[],[633,976,977],[3905],"Symwhite 377",[973,238],{"does":3908,"for_whom":3909,"red_flags":3910},"A potent resorcinol-based cosmetic brightener used to reduce the appearance of dark spots and even tone, with antioxidant activity. It is effective at low concentrations.","Those targeting uneven tone who want a low-dose active.","Can be irritating and is light- and heat-sensitive, so packaging matters; patch test.","A potent resorcinol-based cosmetic brightener used to reduce the appearance of dark spots and even tone, with antioxidant activity.",{"slug":3913,"inci_name":3914,"category":238,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":3915,"concerns_for":3916,"also_known_as":3917,"function":3920,"title":3914,"tldr":3921,"meta_description":3925,"updated_at":564},"phloretin","Phloretin",[1607,1040,1103,1149],[976,977],[3918,3919],"Apple polyphenol","Dihydrochalcone",[238],{"does":3922,"for_whom":3923,"red_flags":3924},"A polyphenol from apple that scavenges free radicals and gets through the stratum corneum unusually well for its class. It is almost always sold inside a fixed combination with vitamin C and ferulic acid.","Anyone building a morning antioxidant layer under sunscreen, particularly if a vitamin C serum is already in the routine.","The published work is on the combination, not on phloretin alone, so its individual contribution is unquantified. The low-pH vehicles it ships in can sting sensitive skin, and none of it replaces sun protection.","Phloretin: the apple polyphenol inside vitamin C serums, what the combination evidence actually shows, and what it leaves unestablished.",{"slug":3927,"inci_name":3928,"category":1457,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":3929,"concerns_for":3930,"also_known_as":3931,"function":3935,"title":3928,"tldr":3936,"meta_description":3940,"updated_at":1054},"phytic-acid","Phytic Acid",[1149,1040,1007,1132],[633,1042,977],[3932,3933,3934],"Inositol Hexaphosphate","IP6","Rice Bran Extract Acid",[1457,1785,238],{"does":3937,"for_whom":3938,"red_flags":3939},"Gently exfoliates and chelates metal ions that trigger dullness and discoloration.","Sensitive and reactive skin that wants AHA-like brightening without the sting.","Weak evidence base compared to glycolic or lactic acid — don't expect dramatic resurfacing.","Phytic acid: the gentle rice-derived exfoliant and metal chelator for dullness and uneven tone — what the evidence actually shows.",{"slug":3942,"inci_name":3943,"category":1086,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":3944,"concerns_for":3945,"also_known_as":3946,"function":3948,"title":3943,"tldr":3949,"meta_description":3953,"updated_at":1054},"phytosphingosine","Phytosphingosine",[1103,1007,1132,1040],[958,1009,67],[3947],"4-hydroxysphinganine",[381,1122,1015],{"does":3950,"for_whom":3951,"red_flags":3952},"A skin-identical lipid that rebuilds the barrier and calms acne-related inflammation.","Dry, sensitive, and acne-prone skin needing barrier repair.","Minimal risk; occasionally confused for an exfoliant, but it is not one.","Phytosphingosine explained: the skin-identical lipid that repairs the barrier, calms acne, and pairs with ceramides.",{"slug":3955,"inci_name":3956,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3957,"concerns_for":3958,"also_known_as":3959,"function":3962,"title":3956,"tldr":3963,"meta_description":3967,"updated_at":1069},"phytosterols","Phytosterols",[],[958,1009,1010],[3960,3961],"Plant sterols","Beta-sitosterol",[1211,519,1015],{"does":3964,"for_whom":3965,"red_flags":3966},"Plant-derived sterols from the same structural family as cholesterol, the sterol the skin's own barrier lipids are built on. In cosmetics they are added to soften, to help emulsions hold together, and for a calming effect on skin that looks irritated.","Dry, mature or reactive skin, and anyone building a routine around barrier lipids rather than actives.","Being cholesterol-like is not the same as being cholesterol, and a formula listing phytosterols is not automatically a ceramide-cholesterol-fatty-acid barrier repair system. The raw material is normally a mixture whose exact composition depends on the plant it came from, which the label does not disclose.","Phytosterols are plant sterols structurally related to cholesterol, used in skincare as emollients and barrier-supporting, calming lipids.",{"slug":3969,"inci_name":3970,"category":238,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":3971,"concerns_for":3972,"also_known_as":3973,"function":3975,"title":3976,"tldr":3977,"meta_description":3981,"updated_at":969},"pine-bark-extract","Pinus Pinaster Bark Extract",[],[976,977],[3974],"Pycnogenol-type",[238],"Pine Bark Extract",{"does":3978,"for_whom":3979,"red_flags":3980},"A maritime-pine bark extract rich in proanthocyanidin antioxidants used to protect skin against free-radical and environmental stress. It is a popular potent botanical antioxidant.","Those seeking strong plant antioxidant protection.","A supporting antioxidant; a botanical that reactive skin should patch test.","A maritime-pine bark extract rich in proanthocyanidin antioxidants used to protect skin against free-radical and environmental stress.",{"slug":3983,"inci_name":3984,"category":1450,"safety_grade":2158,"skin_types":3985,"concerns_for":3986,"also_known_as":3987,"function":3990,"title":3984,"tldr":3991,"meta_description":3995,"updated_at":3996},"piroctone-olamine","Piroctone Olamine",[1149,1040],[67,1009],[3988,3989],"Octopirox","Piroctone ethanolamine salt",[1122,963],{"does":3992,"for_whom":3993,"red_flags":3994},"An antifungal agent aimed at Malassezia, the yeast behind dandruff, seborrhoeic dermatitis and pityrosporum folliculitis — the condition usually called fungal acne. It doubles as a preservative booster in some formulas.","Flaking, itchy scalps; redness and scale around the nose and brows; and small uniform bumps that never respond to ordinary acne treatment.","It suppresses a yeast population rather than curing anything, so the problem returns when use stops. It does nothing for acne vulgaris, and a persistent scaly rash deserves a diagnosis before months of self-treatment.","Piroctone olamine explained: how it controls Malassezia in dandruff, seborrhoeic dermatitis and fungal acne, the concentrations the EU permits, and its limits.","2026-08-24T02:46:34+00:00",{"slug":3998,"inci_name":3999,"category":619,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":4000,"concerns_for":4001,"also_known_as":4002,"function":4005,"title":3999,"tldr":4006,"meta_description":4010,"updated_at":1054},"polyglutamic-acid","Polyglutamic Acid",[1103,1040,1149,1007],[958,977,1042],[4003,4004],"PGA","gamma-polyglutamic acid",[619,1843],{"does":4007,"for_whom":4008,"red_flags":4009},"A fermentation-derived humectant that holds up to four times more water than hyaluronic acid and forms a smoothing surface film.","Anyone wanting deeper, longer-lasting hydration with an added skin-smoothing effect.","Essentially none; it is one of the gentlest humectants available.","Polyglutamic acid explained by a cosmetic chemist: how this fermentation-derived humectant out-hydrates hyaluronic acid and pairs into routines.",{"slug":4012,"inci_name":4013,"category":888,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4014,"concerns_for":4015,"also_known_as":4016,"function":4018,"title":4013,"tldr":4019,"meta_description":4023,"updated_at":1069},"polysilicone-15","Polysilicone-15",[],[633,976],[4017],"Parsol SLX",[1440,1567],{"does":4020,"for_whom":4021,"red_flags":4022},"An organic UV filter attached to a silicone backbone, which makes the molecule large and keeps it sitting on the skin surface rather than being absorbed. It absorbs in the UVB range and is approved for sunscreen use in the EU and several other regions, though not in the United States.","Sunscreens formulated for markets where it is permitted, often as the partner that lets a formula stay light while still reaching its UVB target.","Its filtering range is UVB, so a broad-spectrum product pairs it with UVA filters — the label's broad-spectrum or PA rating, not any single filter name, is what tells you the protection profile. Regional approval differs, so a formula available in one country may not be sold in another.","Polysilicone-15 is a silicone-backed UVB filter approved in the EU and elsewhere, large enough to stay on the skin surface.",{"slug":4025,"inci_name":4026,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4027,"concerns_for":4028,"also_known_as":4029,"function":4031,"title":4026,"tldr":4032,"meta_description":4036,"updated_at":1446},"polysorbate-20","Polysorbate 20",[],[],[4030],"Tween 20",[865,522],{"does":4033,"for_whom":4034,"red_flags":4035},"A non-ionic solubiliser that lets small amounts of oil, fragrance or an oil-soluble active dissolve into a water base without separating. It is what keeps a clear toner or micellar water clear instead of showing droplets.","Water-thin products that still need to carry something oily — clear mists, micellar waters, bi-phase removers and light emulsions.","It is a texture and stability ingredient with no action of its own on skin. Because it helps oily material mix into water, some formulators use it in rinse-off products where it can also lift oils away; that is a formulation decision, not a property you can read off the label.","Polysorbate 20 is what keeps an oil-bearing toner clear. The 1,4-dioxane concern is real but belongs to the supplier's purification step, not the molecule.",{"slug":4038,"inci_name":4039,"category":973,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":4040,"concerns_for":4041,"also_known_as":4042,"function":4045,"title":4046,"tldr":4047,"meta_description":4051,"updated_at":1054},"potassium-azeloyl-diglycinate","Potassium Azeloyl Diglycinate",[1149,1040,1007,1132],[633,1009,67],[4043,4044],"PAD","Azeloglicina",[973,1756,1004],"Potassium Azeloyl Diglycinate (PAD)",{"does":4048,"for_whom":4049,"red_flags":4050},"A water-soluble, gentler derivative of azelaic acid used to even skin tone and calm redness.","Sensitive and acne-prone skin wanting azelaic-acid-like brightening without the irritation.","Newer ingredient with less extensive independent research than its parent compound, azelaic acid.","Potassium azeloyl diglycinate (PAD) is a gentle azelaic acid derivative for brightening and calming sensitive, acne-prone skin.",{"slug":4053,"inci_name":4054,"category":790,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4055,"concerns_for":4056,"also_known_as":4057,"function":4058,"title":4054,"tldr":4059,"meta_description":4063,"updated_at":1475},"potassium-sorbate","Potassium Sorbate",[],[],[],[790],{"does":4060,"for_whom":4061,"red_flags":4062},"A gentle, widely used preservative, the salt of sorbic acid, that inhibits yeast and mold growth in water-containing products. It is common in preservative systems for sensitive-skin formulas.","Common in gentle and 'clean' preservative systems.","Most effective at lower pH; a preservative, not a skin-treatment ingredient.","A gentle, widely used preservative, the salt of sorbic acid, that inhibits yeast and mold growth in water-containing products.",{"slug":4065,"inci_name":4066,"category":619,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":4067,"concerns_for":4068,"also_known_as":4069,"function":4072,"title":4066,"tldr":4073,"meta_description":4077,"updated_at":1054},"propanediol","Propanediol",[1103,1149,1040,1007,1132],[958,977],[4070,4071],"1,3-Propanediol","PDO",[619,962,733],{"does":4074,"for_whom":4075,"red_flags":4076},"A lightweight humectant and solvent, often plant-fermentation-derived, used to hydrate skin and improve texture and absorption of other ingredients.","Skin types wanting a non-sticky glycerin alternative, including oily and acne-prone skin.","Rare reports of sensitivity in individuals reactive to glycol-type ingredients.","Propanediol is a plant-derived humectant that hydrates skin, improves texture, and boosts absorption of other actives.",{"slug":4079,"inci_name":4080,"category":1004,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":4081,"concerns_for":4082,"also_known_as":4083,"function":4086,"title":4087,"tldr":4088,"meta_description":4092,"updated_at":1248},"propolis","Propolis Extract",[1103,1040,1007,1132],[1009,67,958],[4084,4085],"Bee Glue","Bee Propolis",[1004,1355,238,1211],"Propolis",{"does":4089,"for_whom":4090,"red_flags":4091},"Calms irritation and supports the skin barrier with natural antibacterial resin from bees.","Sensitive, reactive, and acne-prone skin looking for a gentle multitasker.","Those with bee product or pollen allergies should avoid it entirely.","Propolis for skin: the antibacterial bee resin that soothes redness and strengthens the barrier — the evidence and how to use it.",{"slug":4094,"inci_name":4095,"category":619,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4096,"concerns_for":4097,"also_known_as":4098,"function":4099,"title":4095,"tldr":4100,"meta_description":4104,"updated_at":1232},"propylene-glycol","Propylene Glycol",[],[958],[],[619,962],{"does":4101,"for_whom":4102,"red_flags":4103},"A widely used humectant and solvent that attracts moisture and improves the penetration and texture of formulas. It has a long history of safe cosmetic use.","Most skin types as a hydrating and delivery-enhancing base.","A known contact allergen for a small subset of people; those with reactive skin may prefer alternative glycols.","A widely used humectant and solvent that attracts moisture and improves the penetration and texture of formulas.",{"slug":4106,"inci_name":4107,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4108,"concerns_for":4109,"also_known_as":4110,"function":4111,"title":4112,"tldr":4113,"meta_description":4117,"updated_at":969},"sweet-almond-oil","Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis Oil",[],[958],[],[519,1091],"Sweet Almond Oil",{"does":4114,"for_whom":4115,"red_flags":4116},"A nourishing plant oil rich in oleic acid and vitamin E that softens and soothes skin while reducing surface dryness. It has a moderately rich, cushiony feel.","Dry and normal skin; common in massage and body products.","Those with nut allergies should avoid; can feel heavy on oily skin.","A nourishing plant oil rich in oleic acid and vitamin E that softens and soothes skin while reducing surface dryness.",{"slug":4119,"inci_name":4120,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4121,"concerns_for":4122,"also_known_as":4123,"function":4124,"title":4125,"tldr":4126,"meta_description":4130,"updated_at":969},"apricot-kernel-oil","Prunus Armeniaca Kernel Oil",[],[958],[],[519,1091],"Apricot Kernel Oil",{"does":4127,"for_whom":4128,"red_flags":4129},"A soft, moderately light plant oil rich in oleic and linoleic acids that softens and conditions skin with a pleasant, non-greasy finish. It is popular in facial and massage oils.","Normal, dry and sensitive skin.","Derived from a stone-fruit kernel; generally well tolerated.","A soft, moderately light plant oil rich in oleic and linoleic acids that softens and conditions skin with a pleasant, non-greasy finish.",{"slug":4132,"inci_name":4133,"category":238,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4134,"concerns_for":4135,"also_known_as":4136,"function":4137,"title":4138,"tldr":4139,"meta_description":4142,"updated_at":969},"pomegranate-extract","Punica Granatum Extract",[],[976,1009,977,1010],[],[238,1004],"Pomegranate Extract",{"does":4140,"for_whom":1486,"red_flags":4141},"A fruit extract high in polyphenol antioxidants, including ellagic acid, that helps protect skin against environmental stress. It is valued for antioxidant and conditioning support.","A supporting antioxidant; effects are gradual.","A fruit extract high in polyphenol antioxidants, including ellagic acid, that helps protect skin against environmental stress.",{"slug":4144,"inci_name":4145,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4146,"concerns_for":4147,"also_known_as":4148,"function":4149,"title":4150,"tldr":4151,"meta_description":4154,"updated_at":969},"pomegranate-seed-oil","Punica Granatum Seed Oil",[],[976,958,1009,977],[],[519,238,1211],"Pomegranate Seed Oil",{"does":4152,"for_whom":3252,"red_flags":4153},"A plant oil distinctive for its punicic-acid content, an omega-5 fatty acid, that conditions skin and provides antioxidant support. It helps replenish the barrier.","A richer specialty oil; generally well tolerated.","A plant oil distinctive for its punicic-acid content, an omega-5 fatty acid, that conditions skin and provides antioxidant support.",{"slug":4156,"inci_name":4157,"category":1457,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4158,"concerns_for":4159,"also_known_as":4160,"function":4162,"title":4157,"tldr":4163,"meta_description":4167,"updated_at":969},"pyruvic-acid","Pyruvic Acid",[],[977,1042],[4161],"Alpha-keto acid",[1457],{"does":4164,"for_whom":4165,"red_flags":4166},"An alpha-keto acid that exfoliates the skin surface and, at professional strengths, is used in chemical peels to smooth texture and unclog pores. In cosmetics it appears at lower levels.","Oily and congested skin looking for renewal (lower cosmetic strengths).","Can be strongly irritating and is mainly a professional-peel ingredient; sun protection is important.","An alpha-keto acid that exfoliates the skin surface and, at professional strengths, is used in chemical peels to smooth texture and unclog pores.",{"slug":4169,"inci_name":4170,"category":238,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4171,"concerns_for":4172,"also_known_as":4173,"function":4174,"title":4170,"tldr":4175,"meta_description":4179,"updated_at":969},"quercetin","Quercetin",[],[976,1009,977,1010],[],[238,1004],{"does":4176,"for_whom":4177,"red_flags":4178},"A plant flavonoid antioxidant that helps neutralize free radicals and calm the look of stressed skin. It is found widely in fruits and vegetables.","Most skin types wanting antioxidant and soothing support.","A supporting antioxidant; formula stability and color can vary.","A plant flavonoid antioxidant that helps neutralize free radicals and calm the look of stressed skin.",{"slug":4181,"inci_name":4182,"category":238,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":4183,"concerns_for":4184,"also_known_as":4185,"function":4188,"title":4182,"tldr":4189,"meta_description":4193,"updated_at":1054},"resveratrol","Resveratrol",[1103,1040,1149,1007],[976,977,1042],[4186,4187],"trans-resveratrol","grape extract polyphenol",[238,1038],{"does":4190,"for_whom":4191,"red_flags":4192},"A potent plant polyphenol that neutralizes free radicals and supports collagen-protective antioxidant defense.","Anyone building an antioxidant-forward anti-aging routine, especially alongside vitamin C or sunscreen.","Minimal known irritation risk, but pregnancy safety data is too sparse to call it definitively safe.","Resveratrol for skin, explained by a cosmetic chemist: antioxidant mechanism, evidence for anti-aging, and how to combine it with vitamin C.",{"slug":4195,"inci_name":4196,"category":1038,"safety_grade":2545,"skin_types":4197,"concerns_for":4198,"also_known_as":4199,"function":4201,"title":4202,"tldr":4203,"meta_description":4207,"updated_at":3996},"retinal","Retinal",[1040,1149],[976,67,1042,633],[4200],"Retinaldehyde",[1038,427],"Retinal (Retinaldehyde)",{"does":4204,"for_whom":4205,"red_flags":4206},"A fast-acting retinoid, one conversion step from retinoic acid, that speeds cell turnover and rebuilds collagen.","Skin wanting retinol-level results with a shorter conversion pathway.","A true retinoid — expect an adjustment period and avoid entirely during pregnancy.","Retinal (retinaldehyde) explained: how this fast-converting retinoid outperforms retinol, safe percentages, and pregnancy warnings.",{"slug":4209,"inci_name":4210,"category":1038,"safety_grade":1636,"skin_types":4211,"concerns_for":4212,"also_known_as":4213,"function":4216,"title":4210,"tldr":4217,"meta_description":4221,"updated_at":3996},"retinol","Retinol",[1103,1149,1040],[976,1042,633,1408],[4214,4215],"Vitamin A","Retinyl",[427,1038,1258],{"does":4218,"for_whom":4219,"red_flags":4220},"Speeds up cell turnover and stimulates collagen, smoothing texture and softening fine lines over months.","Adults wanting to treat photoaging, uneven texture, or acne, who can commit to gradual introduction.","Not for pregnancy; expect an adjustment period of dryness, peeling, or sensitivity.","Retinol is the most-studied anti-aging ingredient — the real evidence, safe concentrations, and why it's not for pregnancy.",{"slug":4223,"inci_name":4224,"category":1038,"safety_grade":1451,"skin_types":4225,"concerns_for":4226,"also_known_as":4227,"function":4230,"title":4224,"tldr":4231,"meta_description":4235,"updated_at":3996},"retinyl-palmitate","Retinyl Palmitate",[1103,1040,1007],[976,977],[4228,4229],"vitamin A palmitate","retinol ester",[1038,238],{"does":4232,"for_whom":4233,"red_flags":4234},"Provides the mildest, slowest-converting retinoid ester, offering gentle anti-aging support.","Retinoid-naive or very sensitive skin wanting minimal irritation over stronger results.","Weakest clinical evidence among retinoids; not for use during pregnancy.","Retinyl palmitate is the mildest vitamin A ester used in skincare. Learn its evidence, best uses, and why it's weaker than retinol.",{"slug":4237,"inci_name":4238,"category":1038,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4239,"concerns_for":4240,"also_known_as":4241,"function":4242,"title":4238,"tldr":4244,"meta_description":4248,"updated_at":969},"retinyl-propionate","Retinyl Propionate",[],[976,977,1042],[],[1038,4243],"cell-renewal",{"does":4245,"for_whom":4246,"red_flags":4247},"An ester form of vitamin A that converts in the skin to support renewal and the look of smoother, firmer skin, offering a gentler retinoid option. It is milder than retinol for sensitive users.","Those wanting a gentle introduction to retinoids.","A retinoid, so generally avoided in pregnancy; can still cause dryness and sun sensitivity.","An ester form of vitamin A that converts in the skin to support renewal and the look of smoother, firmer skin, offering a gentler retinoid option.",{"slug":4250,"inci_name":4251,"category":1038,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4252,"concerns_for":4253,"also_known_as":4254,"function":4255,"title":4251,"tldr":4256,"meta_description":4260,"updated_at":969},"retinyl-retinoate","Retinyl Retinoate",[],[976,977,1042],[],[1038,4243],{"does":4257,"for_whom":4258,"red_flags":4259},"A hybrid vitamin A derivative combining retinol and retinoic-acid fragments, designed to support skin renewal and the look of firmness while aiming for better stability than plain retinol. It is a next-generation cosmetic retinoid.","Those seeking retinoid benefits for lines and texture.","As a retinoid it is generally avoided in pregnancy and can cause dryness or irritation; use sunscreen and introduce slowly.","A hybrid vitamin A derivative combining retinol and retinoic-acid fragments, designed to support skin renewal and the look of firmness while aiming for bet...",{"slug":4262,"inci_name":4263,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4264,"concerns_for":4265,"also_known_as":4266,"function":4267,"title":4268,"tldr":4269,"meta_description":4273,"updated_at":969},"castor-oil","Ricinus Communis Seed Oil",[],[958],[],[519,712],"Castor Oil",{"does":4270,"for_whom":4271,"red_flags":4272},"A thick, sticky plant oil high in ricinoleic acid used as an emollient and film-former that gives slip and shine in balms and cleansers. It is strongly occlusive.","Dry skin and cleansing balms; often used on lashes and brows.","Very heavy and tacky; can feel occlusive and may not suit oily facial skin alone.","A thick, sticky plant oil high in ricinoleic acid used as an emollient and film-former that gives slip and shine in balms and cleansers.",{"slug":4275,"inci_name":4276,"category":1086,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":4277,"concerns_for":4278,"also_known_as":4279,"function":4282,"title":4283,"tldr":4284,"meta_description":4288,"updated_at":3996},"rosehip-oil","Rosa Canina Fruit Oil",[1103,1040,1007],[958,1042,976],[4280,4281],"Rosa Canina Oil","Rose Hip Seed Oil",[519,238,1211],"Rosehip Oil",{"does":4285,"for_whom":4286,"red_flags":4287},"Nourishes dry skin and supplies antioxidants and essential fatty acids that support the barrier.","Dry, dehydrated, and scar- or texture-prone skin.","Highly unsaturated oil that oxidizes quickly; rancid oil can irritate skin.","Rosehip oil: the fatty acid and antioxidant profile behind its reputation for scars and dryness, plus real evidence and usage tips.",{"slug":4290,"inci_name":4291,"category":238,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4292,"concerns_for":4293,"also_known_as":4294,"function":4295,"title":4296,"tldr":4297,"meta_description":4300,"updated_at":969},"rosemary-extract","Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaf Extract",[],[976,1009,977,1010],[],[238,1004],"Rosemary Extract",{"does":4298,"for_whom":2597,"red_flags":4299},"A botanical extract rich in antioxidant polyphenols that helps defend skin against oxidative stress and is also used to stabilize oils in formulas. It has mild soothing character.","Contains natural aromatic compounds that may sensitize very reactive skin.","A botanical extract rich in antioxidant polyphenols that helps defend skin against oxidative stress and is also used to stabilize oils in formulas.",{"slug":4302,"inci_name":4303,"category":1086,"safety_grade":2158,"skin_types":4304,"concerns_for":4305,"also_known_as":4306,"function":4309,"title":4307,"tldr":4310,"meta_description":4314,"updated_at":2794},"royal-jelly","Royal Jelly Extract",[1103,1607],[958,976],[4307,4308],"Royal Jelly","10-HDA",[1091,1138,238],{"does":4311,"for_whom":4312,"red_flags":4313},"A bee secretion containing 10-HDA, proteins and vitamins, with a documented record of serious allergic reactions.","Dry, mature skin — but only for people with no atopic or bee-product history.","One of the few cosmetic ingredients with published anaphylaxis cases; asthma and atopy raise the risk substantially.","Royal jelly: what 10-HDA is, how thin the topical evidence is, and why the allergy record makes this a genuine caution.",{"slug":4316,"inci_name":4317,"category":619,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4318,"concerns_for":4319,"also_known_as":4320,"function":4322,"title":4317,"tldr":4323,"meta_description":4326,"updated_at":1232},"saccharide-isomerate","Saccharide Isomerate",[],[958],[4321],"Plant sugar complex",[619,2452],{"does":4324,"for_whom":2664,"red_flags":4325},"A plant-derived carbohydrate complex that binds to the skin surface to provide long-lasting, water-retaining hydration. It is often described as a moisture-anchoring humectant.","Gentle and generally non-irritating; purely a moisturizing ingredient.","A plant-derived carbohydrate complex that binds to the skin surface to provide long-lasting, water-retaining hydration.",{"slug":4328,"inci_name":4329,"category":1457,"safety_grade":2158,"skin_types":4330,"concerns_for":4331,"also_known_as":4332,"function":4335,"title":4336,"tldr":4337,"meta_description":4341,"updated_at":3996},"salicylic-acid","Salicylic Acid",[1149,1040,1132],[67,1408,1042],[4333,4334],"BHA","Beta Hydroxy Acid",[1457,1756,1015],"Salicylic Acid (BHA)",{"does":4338,"for_whom":4339,"red_flags":4340},"Penetrates oil-filled pores to clear congestion and calm acne-related inflammation.","Oily, acne-prone, and blackhead-congested skin.","Oral salicylates are contraindicated in pregnancy; topical use in low concentrations is generally viewed as lower risk but should be discussed with an OB.","Salicylic acid is the only oil-soluble exfoliating acid, the go-to for congested pores and acne — how it works and how to use it safely.",{"slug":4343,"inci_name":4344,"category":1457,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":4345,"concerns_for":4346,"also_known_as":4347,"function":4350,"title":4351,"tldr":4352,"meta_description":4356,"updated_at":405},"willow-bark-extract","Salix Alba (Willow) Bark Extract",[1149,1040,1607],[67,1408,1009],[4348,4349],"White Willow Bark","Salix Alba Bark Extract",[1004,1355,1457],"Willow Bark Extract",{"does":4353,"for_whom":4354,"red_flags":4355},"A botanical extract containing salicin, marketed as a natural BHA — though it does not behave like salicylic acid on skin.","Oily and mildly congested skin wanting a gentle, soothing option rather than a real exfoliant.","The natural-salicylic-acid claim does not hold up: salicin is a different molecule and topical conversion is minimal.","Willow bark extract: why the natural BHA claim does not survive the chemistry, and what the extract is actually good for.",{"slug":4358,"inci_name":4349,"category":1457,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":4359,"concerns_for":4360,"also_known_as":4361,"function":4363,"title":4364,"tldr":4365,"meta_description":4369,"updated_at":3996},"willow-bark",[1149,1132,1040],[67,1408,1042,977],[4362,4348],"Salix Alba Extract",[1457,1004,1355],"Willow Bark",{"does":4366,"for_whom":4367,"red_flags":4368},"A botanical extract containing salicin, a natural precursor to salicylic acid, used for mild exfoliation and blemish control.","Oily and acne-prone skin types wanting a plant-derived alternative to synthetic BHA.","Salicin content varies by extract; effects are milder and less predictable than pharmaceutical-grade salicylic acid.","Willow bark extract contains salicin, a natural salicylic acid precursor. How it exfoliates, evidence, and safe use for acne-prone skin.",{"slug":4371,"inci_name":4372,"category":1086,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":4373,"concerns_for":4374,"also_known_as":4375,"function":4378,"title":4379,"tldr":4380,"meta_description":4384,"updated_at":3996},"marula-oil","Sclerocarya Birrea Seed Oil",[1103,1040,1007],[958,976],[4376,4377],"Marula Seed Oil","Sclerocarya Birrea Oil",[519,238,1211],"Marula Oil",{"does":4381,"for_whom":4382,"red_flags":4383},"Provides fast-absorbing emollient hydration with a high antioxidant fatty acid content.","Dry, combination, and sensitive skin seeking a lightweight facial oil.","None well established; generally very well tolerated.","Marula oil: its high oleic acid and antioxidant content, what the evidence shows, and how it compares to other facial oils.",{"slug":4386,"inci_name":4387,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4388,"concerns_for":4389,"also_known_as":4390,"function":4391,"title":4392,"tldr":4393,"meta_description":4396,"updated_at":969},"sesame-oil","Sesamum Indicum Seed Oil",[],[976,958,977],[],[519,712,238],"Sesame Oil",{"does":4394,"for_whom":3592,"red_flags":4395},"A traditional emollient plant oil, prominent in Ayurvedic body care, that softens skin and offers antioxidant support from natural lignans. It has a medium-weight, conditioning feel.","Has a characteristic scent and can be pore-clogging for some acne-prone facial skin.","A traditional emollient plant oil, prominent in Ayurvedic body care, that softens skin and offers antioxidant support from natural lignans.",{"slug":4398,"inci_name":4399,"category":1038,"safety_grade":2158,"skin_types":4400,"concerns_for":4401,"also_known_as":4402,"function":4405,"title":4406,"tldr":4407,"meta_description":4411,"updated_at":3996},"egf","sh-Oligopeptide-1",[1103,1040,1007],[976,1042,977],[4403,4404,4399],"epidermal growth factor","recombinant EGF",[1038,3619,1138],"EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor)",{"does":4408,"for_whom":4409,"red_flags":4410},"A signaling protein that tells skin cells to proliferate and repair, supporting firmer, more resilient skin over time.","Those focused on advanced anti-aging or post-procedure recovery who want a cell-communicating ingredient beyond peptides.","Long-term safety data on topical recombinant growth factors is still developing; not recommended without professional guidance for pregnancy or active skin cancer history.","EGF (epidermal growth factor) explained by a cosmetic chemist: how this cell-signaling protein works, current evidence, and safety considerations.",{"slug":4413,"inci_name":4414,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4415,"concerns_for":4416,"also_known_as":4417,"function":4418,"title":4414,"tldr":4419,"meta_description":4423,"updated_at":4424},"silica","Silica",[],[],[],[1397,3062],{"does":4420,"for_whom":4421,"red_flags":4422},"Finely milled silicon dioxide, used in cosmetics as a powder rather than as an active. Depending on how the particles are made it can absorb oil, blur the look of texture by scattering light, or simply stop a powder from caking.","Mattifying primers, setting powders and sunscreens aiming for a dry, non-shiny finish, and anyone whose complaint is midday shine rather than dryness.","Its effects are surface effects and they wash off. Strongly absorbent powders can feel tight or look chalky on skin that is dry or dehydrated, which is a matching problem rather than a fault in the ingredient. Loose powders containing it are worth handling carefully around the face to avoid inhaling airborne dust.","Silica is a milled mineral powder used to absorb oil, blur texture optically and keep formulas from caking — a surface effect that washes off.","2026-08-12T03:00:02+00:00",{"slug":4426,"inci_name":4427,"category":1086,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":4428,"concerns_for":4429,"also_known_as":4430,"function":4433,"title":4435,"tldr":4436,"meta_description":4439,"updated_at":3996},"jojoba-oil","Simmondsia Chinensis Seed Oil",[1103,1149,1040,1007],[958,1042],[4431,4432],"Jojoba Wax","Simmondsia Chinensis Oil",[519,1211,4434],"sebum-mimicking","Jojoba Oil",{"does":4437,"for_whom":1773,"red_flags":4438},"Mimics the skin's natural sebum to moisturize without a heavy feel.","None well established; rare contact allergy has been reported.","Jojoba oil: why its wax-ester structure mimics human sebum, the evidence for skin benefits, and who should use it.",{"slug":4441,"inci_name":4442,"category":1086,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":4443,"concerns_for":4444,"also_known_as":4445,"function":4447,"title":4448,"tldr":4449,"meta_description":4453,"updated_at":1248},"snail-mucin","Snail Secretion Filtrate",[1103,1040,1007,1132],[958,1042,1009],[4442,4446],"Snail Slime",[1211,2004,1138],"Snail Mucin",{"does":4450,"for_whom":4451,"red_flags":4452},"Hydrates, soothes, and supports barrier repair with a mix of glycoproteins and hyaluronic acid.","Dry, sensitive, or compromised-barrier skin looking for gentle, multi-functional hydration.","Not vegan; derived from an animal secretion, which matters for some ethical or religious dietary practices.","Snail mucin delivers hyaluronic acid, glycoproteins, and allantoin for barrier repair — the real evidence versus the K-beauty hype.",{"slug":4455,"inci_name":4442,"category":1086,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":4456,"concerns_for":4457,"also_known_as":4458,"function":4461,"title":4442,"tldr":4462,"meta_description":4466,"updated_at":2794},"snail-secretion-filtrate",[1103,1607,1040,1007],[958,1009,1042],[4448,4459,4460],"Snail Filtrate","Mucin",[619,1138,1211,1004],{"does":4463,"for_whom":4464,"red_flags":4465},"A filtered snail mucin rich in glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans and allantoin that hydrates and supports repair.","Dry, dehydrated and post-procedure skin; widely tolerated by sensitive skin.","Not vegan, and the welfare question depends entirely on the harvesting method, which most brands do not disclose.","Snail secretion filtrate: what is actually in the mucin, what the evidence supports, and the sourcing question brands rarely answer.",{"slug":4468,"inci_name":4469,"category":238,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":4470,"concerns_for":4471,"also_known_as":4472,"function":4475,"title":4469,"tldr":4476,"meta_description":4480,"updated_at":3996},"sodium-ascorbyl-phosphate","Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate",[1103,1149,1040,1007,1132],[633,977,67,976],[4473,4474],"SAP","vitamin C phosphate sodium salt",[238,973],{"does":4477,"for_whom":4478,"red_flags":4479},"Delivers a stable vitamin C derivative with additional evidence supporting anti-acne and antioxidant activity.","Acne-prone and sensitive skin seeking vitamin C benefits without low-pH irritation.","Like other phosphate esters, conversion to active ascorbic acid depends on skin enzyme activity.","Sodium ascorbyl phosphate is a stable vitamin C derivative studied for brightening and acne support. See how it works and pairs.",{"slug":4482,"inci_name":4483,"category":790,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4484,"concerns_for":4485,"also_known_as":4486,"function":4487,"title":4483,"tldr":4488,"meta_description":4492,"updated_at":2486},"sodium-benzoate","Sodium Benzoate",[],[],[],[790],{"does":4489,"for_whom":4490,"red_flags":4491},"A common preservative, the salt of benzoic acid, that protects formulas against bacteria and fungi and is often paired with potassium sorbate. It works best in acidic formulas.","Common in gentle preservative blends.","Requires a lower pH to work well; a preservative rather than a skin active.","Sodium benzoate only preserves below about pH 5.5, which decides where it belongs — plus a straight answer on the benzene-with-vitamin-C claim.",{"slug":4494,"inci_name":4495,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4496,"concerns_for":4497,"also_known_as":4498,"function":4500,"title":4495,"tldr":4501,"meta_description":4505,"updated_at":4424},"sodium-chloride","Sodium Chloride",[],[],[4499],"Salt",[1397,1539],{"does":4502,"for_whom":4503,"red_flags":4504},"Ordinary salt, used in cosmetics for reasons that have nothing to do with flavour. In surfactant cleansers a small amount thickens the liquid; elsewhere it appears as a scrub particle or as part of a mineral-water extract.","Anyone using a gel or liquid cleanser, where it is often what keeps the product from pouring like water.","As a scrub particle, salt is coarse and can be harsh on facial skin, particularly if the crystals are large or the pressure is heavy; that is a technique and product-choice question rather than a property of the ingredient. At the low levels used to thicken a cleanser it does not act on skin.","Sodium Chloride is common salt, used to thicken surfactant cleansers and, less often, as a coarse scrub particle.",{"slug":4507,"inci_name":4508,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4509,"concerns_for":4510,"also_known_as":4511,"function":4512,"title":4508,"tldr":4513,"meta_description":4517,"updated_at":4424},"sodium-cocoyl-glutamate","Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate",[],[],[],[898],{"does":4514,"for_whom":4515,"red_flags":4516},"An amino-acid surfactant built from coconut fatty acids and glutamic acid. It is mildly acidic in use, which lets a cleanser be formulated close to skin's own pH without a large correction, and it gives a soft, low-squeak rinse.","Cleansers marketed as low-pH or amino-acid based, and second-cleanse steps in routines that start with an oil or balm.","Amino-acid surfactants foam less than sulphates, and a formula compensating for that with a higher total surfactant load is not automatically milder than what it replaced. Nothing about the class removes the need to judge how your own skin feels afterwards.","Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate is an amino-acid surfactant from coconut fatty acids, used in low-pH cleansers for a soft, non-stripping rinse.",{"slug":4519,"inci_name":4520,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4521,"concerns_for":4522,"also_known_as":4523,"function":4525,"title":4520,"tldr":4526,"meta_description":4530,"updated_at":4424},"sodium-cocoyl-isethionate","Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate",[],[],[4524],"SCI",[898],{"does":4527,"for_whom":4528,"red_flags":4529},"A coconut-derived surfactant that produces a dense, creamy lather and is solid at room temperature, which is why it turns up in syndet cleansing bars as well as in powder-to-foam washes and creamy liquid cleansers.","Anyone who wants a bar-shaped cleanser without traditional soap, since bars built on it can be formulated near skin's own pH rather than the strongly alkaline range true soap requires.","A mild-by-reputation surfactant is still a surfactant: how a finished wash actually feels depends on the total surfactant load, the pH and the contact time, none of which the ingredient list tells you. Judge the product, not the name.","Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate is a coconut-derived surfactant behind creamy lather and syndet cleansing bars, letting a bar sit near skin's own pH.",{"slug":4532,"inci_name":4533,"category":1038,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4534,"concerns_for":4535,"also_known_as":4536,"function":4539,"title":4541,"tldr":4542,"meta_description":4546,"updated_at":3996},"pdrn","Sodium DNA",[1103,1040,1007],[976,977,1042],[4537,4538],"Polydeoxyribonucleotide","Salmon DNA",[4540,1038,1138],"skin-regenerating","PDRN (Salmon DNA)",{"does":4543,"for_whom":4544,"red_flags":4545},"A polydeoxyribonucleotide derived from salmon DNA, used in serums for tissue regeneration and skin repair support.","Those interested in regenerative skincare targeting dullness, fine lines, and post-procedure recovery.","Derived from fish sources, so not vegan; long-term topical safety data is still developing.","PDRN (salmon DNA) is a regenerative skincare ingredient studied for tissue repair and anti-aging. Evidence, uses, and safety explained.",{"slug":4548,"inci_name":4549,"category":619,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":4550,"concerns_for":4551,"also_known_as":4552,"function":4555,"title":4557,"tldr":4558,"meta_description":4562,"updated_at":3996},"hyaluronic-acid","Sodium Hyaluronate",[1103,1149,1040,1007,1132],[958,1042,976],[4553,4549,4554],"HA","Hyaluronan",[619,2004,4556],"plumping","Hyaluronic Acid",{"does":4559,"for_whom":4560,"red_flags":4561},"Draws water into the skin's surface for an immediate, visible plumping effect.","Anyone with dehydrated skin, regardless of oiliness or age.","Can pull moisture from deeper skin layers in very dry, low-humidity climates if used without an occlusive on top.","Hyaluronic acid holds up to 1000× its weight in water — molecular weight, effective concentrations, and how to layer it correctly.",{"slug":4564,"inci_name":4549,"category":619,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4565,"concerns_for":4566,"also_known_as":4567,"function":4570,"title":4549,"tldr":4571,"meta_description":4575,"updated_at":1232},"sodium-hyaluronate",[],[958],[4568,4569],"HA salt","Hyaluronan sodium salt",[619,2452],{"does":4572,"for_whom":4573,"red_flags":4574},"The sodium salt of hyaluronic acid and the form most cosmetics actually use — more water-soluble and more stable than the free acid, and a highly efficient humectant.","Every skin type, including oily and acne-prone, since it hydrates without adding oil.","In very dry air it should be sealed under an occlusive, or it can pull moisture from deeper skin layers to the surface.","Sodium hyaluronate explained: why it is used instead of hyaluronic acid, how molecular weight changes what it does, and how to apply it correctly.",{"slug":4577,"inci_name":4578,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4579,"concerns_for":4580,"also_known_as":4581,"function":4583,"title":4578,"tldr":4584,"meta_description":4588,"updated_at":4424},"sodium-hydroxide","Sodium Hydroxide",[],[],[4582],"Lye",[1226],{"does":4585,"for_whom":4586,"red_flags":4587},"A strong alkali used in tiny amounts to raise a formula's pH to where it needs to sit. It is the counterweight to acidic ingredients: an exfoliating acid or a vitamin C serum is neutralised with it until the finished product lands in its intended range.","Anyone using an acid toner, a low-pH cleanser or a carbomer-thickened gel; the raw ingredient is caustic, but in a finished cosmetic it has already reacted and is present as a salt.","Seeing it on a label is not a sign that a product is harsh — the opposite, usually, since its presence means the pH was deliberately adjusted rather than left wherever the raw materials fell. Concentrated sodium hydroxide as a raw material is corrosive and is not something to handle at home.","Sodium Hydroxide is a strong alkali used in trace amounts to adjust a formula's pH — in the finished product it has already reacted.",{"slug":4590,"inci_name":4591,"category":619,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":4592,"concerns_for":4593,"also_known_as":4594,"function":4596,"title":4591,"tldr":4598,"meta_description":4602,"updated_at":3996},"sodium-lactate","Sodium Lactate",[1103,1040,1007,1149],[958,977],[4595],"Lactic Acid Sodium Salt",[619,1226,4597],"nmf-component",{"does":4599,"for_whom":4600,"red_flags":4601},"A natural moisturizing factor (NMF) component and humectant that attracts water to the skin and adjusts formula pH.","All skin types needing hydration support, especially dry or dehydrated skin.","Minimal risk; extremely high concentrations in some formulations can theoretically be drying if not balanced with occlusives.","Sodium lactate is a natural moisturizing factor that hydrates skin and balances product pH. Uses, evidence, and suitability explained.",{"slug":4604,"inci_name":4605,"category":1086,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":4606,"concerns_for":4607,"also_known_as":4608,"function":4611,"title":4605,"tldr":4612,"meta_description":4616,"updated_at":2794},"sodium-lauroyl-sarcosinate","Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate",[1149,1040,1607,1007],[],[4609,4610],"Sarkosyl","Sodium Lauroylsarcosinate",[898],{"does":4613,"for_whom":4614,"red_flags":4615},"A mild amino-acid-derived cleansing surfactant that foams well and is routinely mistaken for a sulfate because of its name.","Anyone wanting a cleanser that foams without stripping; common in gentle face and body washes.","The name resembles sodium lauryl sulfate and the two are unrelated — but sarcosinates do carry a real formulation caveat.","Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate: not a sulfate despite the name, why it foams without stripping, and the nitrosamine caveat that is real.",{"slug":4618,"inci_name":4619,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4620,"concerns_for":4621,"also_known_as":4622,"function":4625,"title":4619,"tldr":4626,"meta_description":4630,"updated_at":4631},"sodium-lauryl-sulfate","Sodium Lauryl Sulfate",[],[],[4623,4624],"SLS","Sodium dodecyl sulfate",[522],{"does":4627,"for_whom":4628,"red_flags":4629},"A strong anionic surfactant that lifts oil and debris off skin and hair and foams heavily while doing it. Dermatology research uses it as the standard way to provoke barrier disruption in a test patch, which is a fair indication of how efficiently it strips lipids.","Best suited to rinse-off formats, where contact time is short. Even there, dry, sensitive or eczema-prone skin usually does better on a milder surfactant system.","How harsh it is depends on concentration, contact time and what else is in the formula, so a rinse-off cleanser and a leave-on product are not comparable on the strength of this one name. It is a different molecule from sodium laureth sulfate, and despite a claim that circulates widely it has no established link to cancer.","Sodium Lauryl Sulfate is a strong foaming surfactant used in research as a barrier-disruption standard; contact time and format decide how harsh it is.","2026-08-13T03:00:02+00:00",{"slug":4633,"inci_name":4634,"category":790,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4635,"concerns_for":4636,"also_known_as":4637,"function":4638,"title":4634,"tldr":4639,"meta_description":4643,"updated_at":4644},"sodium-levulinate","Sodium Levulinate",[],[],[],[963],{"does":4640,"for_whom":4641,"red_flags":4642},"The salt of levulinic acid, obtained from plant sugars and used as part of a preservative system rather than as a preservative on its own. It is almost always paired with sodium anisate, the two together covering a usefully broad range.","Products positioned as free of conventional preservatives, which still need microbial protection and get it from combinations like this one.","Systems of this kind work in a narrower pH window than a conventional preservative, so they are a formulation constraint as much as a marketing choice. Levulinate blends can carry a faint scent of their own, which is why some unfragranced products still smell of something.","Sodium Levulinate is a plant-sugar-derived preservative booster, usually paired with sodium anisate in alternative preservative systems.","2026-08-15T03:00:02+00:00",{"slug":4646,"inci_name":4647,"category":790,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4648,"concerns_for":4649,"also_known_as":4650,"function":4651,"title":4647,"tldr":4652,"meta_description":4656,"updated_at":4644},"sodium-metabisulfite","Sodium Metabisulfite",[],[],[],[238,1539],{"does":4653,"for_whom":4654,"red_flags":4655},"An antioxidant and reducing agent used to protect a formula rather than skin. It scavenges oxygen inside the bottle and is one of the usual companions to easily oxidised ingredients such as pure ascorbic acid or a self-tanning agent.","Formulas that would otherwise brown or lose strength in the bottle — vitamin C serums, some hair products and self-tanners.","Sulphites are a recognised trigger for people with a sulphite sensitivity, which is better documented as a food and inhalation issue than a topical one; a known sensitivity is still a reason to read labels. It is a stabiliser and makes no claim of doing anything for skin.","Sodium Metabisulfite is a sulphite antioxidant that stops formulas oxidising in the bottle — a stabiliser, not a skincare active.",{"slug":4658,"inci_name":4659,"category":619,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":4660,"concerns_for":4661,"also_known_as":4662,"function":4665,"title":4659,"tldr":4666,"meta_description":4670,"updated_at":3996},"sodium-pca","Sodium PCA",[1103,1149,1040,1007,1132],[958,977],[4663,4664],"Sodium Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid","PCA-Na",[619],{"does":4667,"for_whom":4668,"red_flags":4669},"A natural moisturizing factor component that attracts and holds water in the outer skin layers.","Nearly all skin types looking for lightweight, non-greasy hydration.","None well established; considered one of the gentlest humectants available.","Sodium PCA is a natural moisturizing factor humectant that hydrates skin without heaviness or pore-clogging.",{"slug":4672,"inci_name":4673,"category":790,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":4674,"concerns_for":4675,"also_known_as":4676,"function":4679,"title":4673,"tldr":4680,"meta_description":4684,"updated_at":3996},"sodium-phytate","Sodium Phytate",[],[],[4677,4678],"Phytic acid sodium salt","Sodium salt of IP6",[1785,1539],{"does":4681,"for_whom":4682,"red_flags":4683},"A chelator: it grabs the trace metal ions that get into a formula from water, raw materials and packaging, and holds them where they can no longer catalyse oxidation. That protects colour, scent, oils and antioxidants, and helps the preservative system work.","Nobody in particular — it protects the product, not the person. Its practical benefit is that the serum you bought stays the serum you bought.","It is not the same thing as phytic acid used as an exfoliant. At the 0.1% or so where it chelates, it is a stabiliser with no exfoliating or brightening action, and claims otherwise are borrowing from a different use.","Sodium phytate explained: what a chelating agent does in a formula, why it appears where EDTA used to, and why it is not an exfoliant at the levels used.",{"slug":4686,"inci_name":4687,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4688,"concerns_for":4689,"also_known_as":4690,"function":4691,"title":4687,"tldr":4692,"meta_description":4696,"updated_at":4631},"sodium-polyacrylate","Sodium Polyacrylate",[],[],[],[1397,1539],{"does":4693,"for_whom":4694,"red_flags":4695},"A synthetic polymer that absorbs many times its own weight in water and thickens it into a smooth, non-stringy gel. Small amounts turn a watery mixture into a gel-cream that spreads evenly and does not run.","Gel-creams, sheet-mask essences and lightweight moisturisers, and any formula whose selling point is a bouncy, fast-absorbing texture.","It is a texture ingredient with no action on skin. Polymer gels are the class most likely to pill or roll when layered under sunscreen or makeup, especially if the layer beneath has not fully dried.","Sodium Polyacrylate is a highly water-absorbing polymer that turns watery formulas into smooth, bouncy gel-creams.",{"slug":4698,"inci_name":4699,"category":790,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4700,"concerns_for":4701,"also_known_as":4702,"function":4704,"title":4699,"tldr":4705,"meta_description":4709,"updated_at":1431},"sorbic-acid","Sorbic Acid",[],[],[4703],"2,4-Hexadienoic Acid",[790],{"does":4706,"for_whom":4707,"red_flags":4708},"The free-acid form of the preservative usually seen as potassium sorbate. It curbs yeast and mold in water-containing formulas, and since only the undissociated acid is active it needs a low pH, roughly below 5.5, to work at all.","Formulas positioned as gentle or 'naturally preserved', usually alongside a second preservative.","Weak against bacteria on its own, so it is rarely the whole preservative system; occasional irritation is reported at higher levels.","Sorbic Acid is a low-pH preservative that limits yeast and mold, usually paired with a partner that covers bacteria.",{"slug":4711,"inci_name":4712,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4713,"concerns_for":4714,"also_known_as":4715,"function":4716,"title":4712,"tldr":4717,"meta_description":4721,"updated_at":4631},"sorbitan-stearate","Sorbitan Stearate",[],[],[],[522,1539],{"does":4718,"for_whom":4719,"red_flags":4720},"An emulsifier made from sorbitol and stearic acid, oil-loving in character. It is normally used with a water-loving partner such as a polysorbate, the pair together forming a more stable emulsion than either would alone.","Creams, balms and richer lotions, where it contributes both to keeping the emulsion intact and to the thickness of the final texture.","A structural ingredient with no action of its own on skin. It is one of a family of sorbitan esters that differ only in the fatty acid attached, so a product switching between them changes its feel rather than what it does.","Sorbitan Stearate is an oil-loving emulsifier from sorbitol and stearic acid, paired with a water-loving partner to stabilise creams.",{"slug":4723,"inci_name":4724,"category":619,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4725,"concerns_for":4726,"also_known_as":4727,"function":4729,"title":4724,"tldr":4730,"meta_description":4734,"updated_at":1232},"sorbitol","Sorbitol",[],[958],[4728],"Glucitol",[619,2452],{"does":4731,"for_whom":4732,"red_flags":4733},"A sugar alcohol used as a humectant and mild texture agent that helps skin retain water and gives products a smooth slip. It is also valued for stabilizing formulas and improving spreadability.","Suited to most skin types as a gentle hydrating base ingredient.","Generally well tolerated; a supporting humectant rather than a treatment active.","A sugar alcohol used as a humectant and mild texture agent that helps skin retain water and gives products a smooth slip.",{"slug":4736,"inci_name":4737,"category":238,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":4738,"concerns_for":4739,"also_known_as":4740,"function":4744,"title":4745,"tldr":4746,"meta_description":4750,"updated_at":433},"spirulina-extract","Spirulina Platensis Extract",[1607,1040,1103,1007],[977,1009],[4741,4742,4743],"Arthrospira Platensis","Blue-Green Algae","Phycocyanin",[238,1004,1091],"Spirulina Extract",{"does":4747,"for_whom":4748,"red_flags":4749},"A cyanobacteria extract carrying phycocyanin, amino acids and minerals, used as a supporting antioxidant.","Dull or reactive skin wanting a gentle botanical antioxidant layer.","Almost all the health literature is oral, and the deep blue-green colour limits how much can be used.","Spirulina extract: what phycocyanin does, why the supplement research does not transfer, and the colour problem.",{"slug":4752,"inci_name":4753,"category":1086,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":4754,"concerns_for":4755,"also_known_as":4756,"function":4760,"title":4753,"tldr":4761,"meta_description":4765,"updated_at":3996},"squalane","Squalane",[1103,1040,1149,1007,1132],[958,976,1042],[4757,4758,4759],"plant-derived squalane","olive-derived squalane","sugarcane squalane",[519,1211],{"does":4762,"for_whom":4763,"red_flags":4764},"A stable, lightweight emollient that mimics skin's natural sebum to soften and protect the barrier without greasiness.","Nearly everyone — from dry, mature skin to oily and acne-prone skin needing non-comedogenic hydration.","Virtually none; one of the most universally tolerated emollients in skincare.","Squalane explained by a cosmetic chemist: why this plant-derived emollient suits nearly every skin type, and how to layer it correctly.",{"slug":4767,"inci_name":4768,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4769,"concerns_for":4770,"also_known_as":4771,"function":4774,"title":4768,"tldr":4775,"meta_description":4779,"updated_at":969},"squalene","Squalene",[],[958,1009],[4772,4773],"Shark liver oil derivative","Olive-derived squalene",[519,1211],{"does":4776,"for_whom":4777,"red_flags":4778},"The unstable natural precursor of squalane: a lipid your own sebaceous glands make, also found in olives and, historically, shark liver oil.","Mostly a term to recognise on a label — the stable hydrogenated form, squalane, is what modern products almost always use.","It oxidises readily on air exposure, which is precisely why the cosmetic industry moved to squalane.","Squalene vs squalane: what the one-letter difference means, why squalene oxidises, the shark liver history, and which one your product actually contains.",{"slug":4781,"inci_name":4782,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4783,"concerns_for":4784,"also_known_as":4785,"function":4786,"title":4782,"tldr":4787,"meta_description":4791,"updated_at":969},"stearic-acid","Stearic Acid",[],[958],[],[519,522,1397],{"does":4788,"for_whom":4789,"red_flags":4790},"A fatty acid used as an emollient, thickener and emulsifier that gives creams body and a soft after-feel. It occurs naturally in many plant and animal fats.","Most skin types as a supporting texture ingredient.","A formulation ingredient; well tolerated.","A fatty acid used as an emollient, thickener and emulsifier that gives creams body and a soft after-feel.",{"slug":4793,"inci_name":4794,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4795,"concerns_for":4796,"also_known_as":4797,"function":4798,"title":4794,"tldr":4799,"meta_description":4802,"updated_at":969},"stearyl-alcohol","Stearyl Alcohol",[],[958],[],[519,522],{"does":4800,"for_whom":1095,"red_flags":4801},"A fatty alcohol that works as an emollient and thickener, giving formulas a rich, stable texture and helping soften the skin surface. It is non-drying.","A texture and emollient ingredient rather than an active.","Stearyl alcohol is a waxy fatty alcohol, not a drying one — what it does in a formula, why it behaves nothing like alcohol denat, and who reacts to it.",{"slug":4804,"inci_name":4805,"category":1457,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4806,"concerns_for":4807,"also_known_as":4808,"function":4809,"title":4805,"tldr":4810,"meta_description":4814,"updated_at":969},"succinic-acid","Succinic Acid",[],[1009,977,1042,1010],[],[1457,1004],{"does":4811,"for_whom":4812,"red_flags":4813},"A mild acid that offers gentle exfoliation and is popular in spot treatments for its ability to help clear the look of blemishes and excess oil. It has some soothing character compared with stronger acids.","Blemish-prone and oily skin wanting a gentle option.","Milder than BHAs\u002FAHAs; evidence is limited, so treat it as a supporting rather than primary exfoliant.","A mild acid that offers gentle exfoliation and is popular in spot treatments for its ability to help clear the look of blemishes and excess oil.",{"slug":4816,"inci_name":4817,"category":1450,"safety_grade":2158,"skin_types":4818,"concerns_for":4819,"also_known_as":4820,"function":4823,"title":4817,"tldr":4824,"meta_description":4828,"updated_at":3996},"sulfur","Sulfur",[1149,1132,1040],[67,1408],[4821,4822],"Sulphur","Colloidal Sulfur",[1756,1355,648],{"does":4825,"for_whom":4826,"red_flags":4827},"A mineral active with keratolytic, antibacterial, and oil-absorbing properties used to treat acne and oily skin.","Acne-prone and oily skin types, especially those who cannot tolerate benzoyl peroxide or retinoids.","Distinctive odor and drying effect on skin; can cause irritation at higher concentrations.","Sulfur is a mineral acne treatment with antibacterial and oil-reducing effects. How it works, evidence, and safe concentrations explained.",{"slug":4830,"inci_name":4831,"category":238,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4832,"concerns_for":4833,"also_known_as":4834,"function":4836,"title":4831,"tldr":4837,"meta_description":4841,"updated_at":969},"superoxide-dismutase","Superoxide Dismutase",[],[976,1009,977,1010],[4835],"SOD",[238,1004],{"does":4838,"for_whom":4839,"red_flags":4840},"An antioxidant enzyme that helps neutralize superoxide free radicals, supporting the skin's defenses against oxidative stress. It is used for protective and soothing purposes.","Those wanting enzyme-based antioxidant support.","A supporting antioxidant; enzyme stability in formula varies.","An antioxidant enzyme that helps neutralize superoxide free radicals, supporting the skin's defenses against oxidative stress.",{"slug":4843,"inci_name":4844,"category":1457,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":4845,"concerns_for":4846,"also_known_as":4847,"function":4850,"title":4844,"tldr":4851,"meta_description":4855,"updated_at":3996},"tartaric-acid","Tartaric Acid",[1149,1040,1103],[977,1042,633],[4848,4849],"Grape Acid","L-Tartaric Acid",[1457,1226,238],{"does":4852,"for_whom":4853,"red_flags":4854},"An alpha hydroxy acid derived from grapes that exfoliates the skin surface and adjusts formula pH.","Those seeking gentle chemical exfoliation for dullness and uneven texture.","Can increase sun sensitivity and irritate compromised or very reactive skin.","Tartaric acid is a grape-derived AHA that exfoliates dull skin and stabilizes product pH. Uses, evidence, and safe concentrations.",{"slug":4857,"inci_name":4858,"category":888,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4859,"concerns_for":4860,"also_known_as":4861,"function":4864,"title":4863,"tldr":4865,"meta_description":4869,"updated_at":969},"mexoryl-sx","Terephthalylidene Dicamphor Sulfonic Acid",[],[633,976],[4862,4863],"Ecamsule","Mexoryl SX",[1440],{"does":4866,"for_whom":4867,"red_flags":4868},"A photostable organic UVA filter developed for strong short-UVA protection, often combined with other filters for broad-spectrum defense. It is a signature filter of certain European sunscreen lines.","Those seeking robust UVA protection where it is available.","Water-soluble and mainly UVA, so it is used within a filter system; availability is limited by region.","A photostable organic UVA filter developed for strong short-UVA protection, often combined with other filters for broad-spectrum defense.",{"slug":4871,"inci_name":4872,"category":238,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":4873,"concerns_for":4874,"also_known_as":4875,"function":4879,"title":4880,"tldr":4881,"meta_description":4885,"updated_at":3996},"thd-ascorbate","Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate",[1103,1040,1007],[633,977,976],[4876,4877,4878],"THDA","vitamin C ester","oil-soluble vitamin C",[238,973],"THD Ascorbate",{"does":4882,"for_whom":4883,"red_flags":4884},"Offers a highly stable, oil-soluble vitamin C form that penetrates the skin barrier efficiently.","Dry or sensitive skin wanting potent vitamin C benefits with minimal irritation risk.","Slightly comedogenic in some formulations; oil-soluble base may not suit very oily or acne-prone skin.","THD ascorbate is a stable, oil-soluble vitamin C derivative valued for skin penetration and antioxidant activity. See the evidence.",{"slug":4887,"inci_name":4888,"category":790,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4889,"concerns_for":4890,"also_known_as":4891,"function":4893,"title":4888,"tldr":4894,"meta_description":4898,"updated_at":4644},"tetrasodium-glutamate-diacetate","Tetrasodium Glutamate Diacetate",[],[],[4892],"GLDA",[1785,1539],{"does":4895,"for_whom":4896,"red_flags":4897},"A chelator that binds trace metal ions in a formula. Those ions arrive with water and raw materials and quietly catalyse oxidation, so tying them up helps a product keep its colour, scent and active content over its shelf life. It is derived from fermentation-sourced glutamic acid and is readily biodegradable.","Anyone using a product that contains an easily oxidised active, and anyone who prefers a formula that avoids EDTA on environmental grounds.","It has no action on skin and does not preserve a product against microbes; it supports whichever preservative system is doing that job. A chelator in the list says something about formulation care, not about efficacy.","Tetrasodium Glutamate Diacetate is a readily biodegradable chelator that binds metal ions and slows oxidation — a common EDTA alternative.",{"slug":4900,"inci_name":4901,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4902,"concerns_for":4903,"also_known_as":4904,"function":4906,"title":4907,"tldr":4908,"meta_description":4912,"updated_at":1232},"cocoa-butter","Theobroma Cacao Seed Butter",[],[958],[4905],"Theobroma butter",[519,712],"Cocoa Butter",{"does":4909,"for_whom":4910,"red_flags":4911},"A rich plant butter from the cocoa bean that melts at skin temperature to form a softening, occlusive layer that reduces moisture loss. It is high in fatty acids and firms up at room temperature.","Dry and very dry skin, and body care where a rich finish is wanted.","Heavy and potentially pore-clogging for oily or acne-prone facial skin.","A rich plant butter from the cocoa bean that melts at skin temperature to form a softening, occlusive layer that reduces moisture loss.",{"slug":4914,"inci_name":4915,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4916,"concerns_for":4917,"also_known_as":4918,"function":4919,"title":4920,"tldr":4921,"meta_description":4925,"updated_at":1232},"cupuacu-butter","Theobroma Grandiflorum Seed Butter",[],[958],[],[519,712,619],"Cupuacu Butter",{"does":4922,"for_whom":4923,"red_flags":4924},"A plant butter from the Amazonian cupuacu fruit noted for its high fatty-acid content and its ability to hold water, giving both softening and hydrating effects. It leaves a cushiony, conditioned feel.","Dry and dehydrated skin seeking a rich yet water-attracting emollient.","A heavy butter that may be too occlusive for acne-prone facial skin.","A plant butter from the Amazonian cupuacu fruit noted for its high fatty-acid content and its ability to hold water, giving both softening and hydrating ef...",{"slug":4927,"inci_name":4928,"category":238,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":4929,"concerns_for":4930,"also_known_as":4931,"function":4934,"title":4935,"tldr":4936,"meta_description":4940,"updated_at":3996},"alpha-lipoic-acid","Thioctic Acid",[1040,1149],[976,977,1042],[4932,4928,4933],"ALA","Lipoic Acid",[238,1038],"Alpha Lipoic Acid",{"does":4937,"for_whom":4938,"red_flags":4939},"A potent antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals and regenerates other antioxidants like vitamin C and E.","Those targeting oxidative-stress-related signs of aging, such as dullness and fine lines.","Can cause stinging or redness in some users; limited pregnancy safety data warrants caution.","Alpha lipoic acid is a potent antioxidant studied for reducing oxidative stress signs and regenerating other antioxidants.",{"slug":4942,"inci_name":4943,"category":888,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":4944,"concerns_for":4945,"also_known_as":4946,"function":4950,"title":4943,"tldr":4951,"meta_description":4955,"updated_at":3996},"titanium-dioxide","Titanium Dioxide",[1103,1149,1040,1007,1132],[1009,1042],[4947,4948,4949],"TiO2","CI 77891","titania",[1440,3008,3062],{"does":4952,"for_whom":4953,"red_flags":4954},"Physically reflects and scatters UVB and short UVA rays as a mineral sunscreen filter.","Sensitive, reactive, or pregnant skin seeking a well-tolerated broad-spectrum filter.","Can leave a white cast in some formulations and may photocatalyze if uncoated.","Titanium dioxide is a mineral UV filter that reflects UVB and short UVA rays. Learn how it works, evidence, and who it suits.",{"slug":4957,"inci_name":4958,"category":238,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":4959,"concerns_for":4960,"also_known_as":4961,"function":4964,"title":4965,"tldr":4966,"meta_description":4970,"updated_at":3996},"tocopherol","Tocopherol",[1103,1040,1007],[976,958],[4962,4963],"Vitamin E","Alpha-Tocopherol",[238,519,1539],"Vitamin E (Tocopherol)",{"does":4967,"for_whom":4968,"red_flags":4969},"A fat-soluble antioxidant that protects skin lipids from oxidative damage and works best paired with vitamin C.","Most skin types wanting antioxidant support, though acne-prone skin should choose lighter formulas.","Its comedogenic rating is formula-dependent — heavier, oil-based tocopherol products can clog pores on acne-prone skin.","Vitamin E (tocopherol): the fat-soluble antioxidant that protects skin lipids and supercharges vitamin C — evidence and how to use it well.",{"slug":4972,"inci_name":4973,"category":238,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4974,"concerns_for":4975,"also_known_as":4976,"function":4978,"title":4973,"tldr":4979,"meta_description":4983,"updated_at":969},"tocopheryl-acetate","Tocopheryl Acetate",[],[976,977],[4977],"Vitamin E acetate",[238,1091],{"does":4980,"for_whom":4981,"red_flags":4982},"A stable ester form of vitamin E that conditions skin and provides antioxidant support once converted in the skin. Its stability makes it a very common addition to moisturizers and sunscreens.","Most skin types as a supporting antioxidant and conditioner.","More stable but slower-acting than free tocopherol; a rare allergen for some.","A stable ester form of vitamin E that conditions skin and provides antioxidant support once converted in the skin.",{"slug":4985,"inci_name":4986,"category":238,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":4987,"concerns_for":4988,"also_known_as":4989,"function":4991,"title":4986,"tldr":4992,"meta_description":4996,"updated_at":1069},"tocotrienols","Tocotrienols",[],[976,958,977],[4990],"Vitamin E tocotrienols",[238,519],{"does":4993,"for_whom":4994,"red_flags":4995},"The second branch of the vitamin E family, sitting alongside the far more familiar tocopherols and usually extracted from annatto, palm or rice bran. Their shorter, unsaturated tail moves more freely through lipid layers than tocopherol does.","Antioxidant and facial-oil formulas, often as part of a full-spectrum vitamin E blend.","Most of the comparative work is laboratory-based, so 'stronger than tocopherol' claims should be read carefully; palm sourcing raises separate questions.","Tocotrienols are the less familiar half of the vitamin E family, used in antioxidant blends and facial oils.",{"slug":4998,"inci_name":4999,"category":973,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":5000,"concerns_for":5001,"also_known_as":5002,"function":5004,"title":4999,"tldr":5005,"meta_description":5009,"updated_at":3996},"tranexamic-acid","Tranexamic Acid",[1040,1007,1103,1149],[633,1009],[5003],"TXA",[973,1015],{"does":5006,"for_whom":5007,"red_flags":5008},"Targets stubborn melasma and post-inflammatory marks by calming the pigment-triggering pathway.","Melasma-prone skin and anyone with persistent, hormone-linked discoloration.","Oral tranexamic acid carries clotting risks — topical use is a different, much lower-risk profile, but caution is still warranted in pregnancy.","Tranexamic acid for skin: the melasma-targeting brightener that works differently from vitamin C or arbutin — the evidence and safe use.",{"slug":5011,"inci_name":5012,"category":619,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":5013,"concerns_for":5014,"also_known_as":5015,"function":5016,"title":5012,"tldr":5017,"meta_description":5021,"updated_at":1232},"trehalose","Trehalose",[],[976,958,977],[],[619,238,2452],{"does":5018,"for_whom":5019,"red_flags":5020},"A naturally occurring sugar that acts as a humectant and helps protect cell structures against dehydration stress. It supports moisture retention and formula stability.","All skin types, valued in soothing and hydrating products.","Very well tolerated; a supporting hydrator rather than a strong active.","A naturally occurring sugar that acts as a humectant and helps protect cell structures against dehydration stress.",{"slug":5023,"inci_name":5024,"category":619,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":5025,"concerns_for":5026,"also_known_as":5027,"function":5030,"title":5031,"tldr":5032,"meta_description":5036,"updated_at":1232},"tremella-fuciformis-extract","Tremella Fuciformis (Mushroom) Extract",[],[958],[5028,5029],"Snow mushroom","Silver ear fungus",[619,2452],"Tremella Fuciformis Extract",{"does":5033,"for_whom":5034,"red_flags":5035},"An extract from the snow mushroom prized as a botanical humectant that holds a large amount of water for its weight. It is often positioned as a plant-based alternative to hyaluronic acid.","Dry and dehydrated skin wanting lightweight botanical hydration.","Gentle and generally non-irritating.","An extract from the snow mushroom prized as a botanical humectant that holds a large amount of water for its weight.",{"slug":5038,"inci_name":5039,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":5040,"concerns_for":5041,"also_known_as":5042,"function":5044,"title":5039,"tldr":5045,"meta_description":5049,"updated_at":4631},"triethanolamine","Triethanolamine",[],[],[5043],"TEA",[1226,522],{"does":5046,"for_whom":5047,"red_flags":5048},"An alkaline ingredient used to raise pH and to neutralise carbomer, the step that turns a cloudy suspension into a clear gel. It also forms soap-like emulsifiers in situ when combined with a fatty acid such as stearic acid.","Gels, lotions and classic cream bases, especially older-style formulas built on a stearic-acid-and-TEA emulsion.","Amines of this type are discussed in relation to nitrosamine formation if a formula also contains a nitrosating agent, which is why the combination is restricted rather than the ingredient itself. Formulators avoid the pairing; nothing on a label tells a reader whether that was done, so this is context rather than a verdict.","Triethanolamine is an alkali that neutralises carbomer into clear gel and forms soap-type emulsifiers with fatty acids.",{"slug":5051,"inci_name":5052,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":5053,"concerns_for":5054,"also_known_as":5055,"function":5056,"title":5057,"tldr":5058,"meta_description":5061,"updated_at":969},"wheat-germ-oil","Triticum Vulgare Germ Oil",[],[976,958,977],[],[519,238],"Wheat Germ Oil",{"does":5059,"for_whom":3252,"red_flags":5060},"A rich plant oil that is one of the highest natural sources of vitamin E, used to nourish dry skin and add antioxidant protection to formulas. It also helps stabilize other oils.","Heavy and derived from wheat; those with gluten-contact sensitivity may prefer to avoid, and it can feel greasy.","A rich plant oil that is one of the highest natural sources of vitamin E, used to nourish dry skin and add antioxidant protection to formulas.",{"slug":5063,"inci_name":5064,"category":238,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":5065,"concerns_for":5066,"also_known_as":5067,"function":5070,"title":5071,"tldr":5072,"meta_description":5076,"updated_at":3996},"coq10","Ubiquinone",[1103,1040,1007],[976,977],[5068,5069],"Coenzyme Q10","Ubidecarenone",[238,1038],"CoQ10",{"does":5073,"for_whom":5074,"red_flags":5075},"A mitochondrial antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals and supports collagen-producing cells.","Mature and photo-aged skin looking for gentle daily antioxidant defense.","Effects are preventive and cumulative, not a fast fix for existing wrinkles.","CoQ10 in skincare: how this mitochondrial antioxidant fights free radicals and supports collagen, plus effective percentages.",{"slug":5078,"inci_name":5064,"category":238,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":5079,"concerns_for":5080,"also_known_as":5081,"function":5082,"title":5068,"tldr":5083,"meta_description":5087,"updated_at":3996},"coenzyme-q10",[1607,1103,1040,1007],[976,977],[5071,5064,5069],[238,1038],{"does":5084,"for_whom":5085,"red_flags":5086},"A fat-soluble antioxidant the body makes itself, which declines with age and is used topically to reduce oxidative damage.","Normal to dry, ageing skin looking for a well-tolerated antioxidant alongside sunscreen.","A large molecule that penetrates poorly, so the effect is modest and slower than the marketing implies.","Coenzyme Q10: what the 0.3% studies actually showed, why the molecule size limits it, and where ubiquinol differs.",{"slug":5089,"inci_name":5090,"category":973,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":5091,"concerns_for":5092,"also_known_as":5093,"function":5095,"title":5090,"tldr":5096,"meta_description":5100,"updated_at":969},"undecylenoyl-phenylalanine","Undecylenoyl Phenylalanine",[],[633,977],[5094],"Sepiwhite",[973,994],{"does":5097,"for_whom":5098,"red_flags":5099},"A synthetic ingredient used to help even skin tone and reduce the look of dark spots by interfering with the signaling that stimulates pigment production. It targets discoloration without acids.","Those addressing uneven tone and dark spots who want a non-acid option.","A cosmetic tone-evening ingredient, not a treatment for medical pigmentation disorders.","A synthetic ingredient used to help even skin tone and reduce the look of dark spots by interfering with the signaling that stimulates pigment production.",{"slug":5102,"inci_name":5103,"category":619,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":5104,"concerns_for":5105,"also_known_as":5106,"function":5109,"title":5103,"tldr":5110,"meta_description":5114,"updated_at":3996},"urea","Urea",[1103,1040,1007],[958,1042,977],[5107,5108],"Carbamide","Carbonyldiamide",[619,648,1211],{"does":5111,"for_whom":5112,"red_flags":5113},"Draws water into the stratum corneum and, at higher concentrations, softens and lifts excess keratin.","Very dry, rough, or keratosis-prone skin, including eczema-adjacent conditions.","Can sting on broken or actively inflamed skin, especially above 10%.","Urea is a humectant and mild keratolytic that hydrates dry skin and smooths rough, thickened texture.",{"slug":5116,"inci_name":5117,"category":238,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":5118,"concerns_for":5119,"also_known_as":5120,"function":5123,"title":5124,"tldr":5125,"meta_description":5129,"updated_at":1069},"vaccinium-myrtillus-fruit-extract","Vaccinium Myrtillus Fruit Extract",[],[976,1009,977,1010],[5121,5122],"Bilberry extract","European blueberry extract",[238,1004],"Bilberry Fruit Extract",{"does":5126,"for_whom":5127,"red_flags":5128},"An extract of the European blueberry, rich in the deep-purple anthocyanins that behave as antioxidants in laboratory testing. It is also a mild source of plant acids, which is where the marketing habit of calling it a 'natural AHA' comes from.","Botanical antioxidant formulas and gentle brightening routines for most skin types.","The 'natural AHA' framing is not supported by measured exfoliating activity; extract strength varies widely between suppliers and batches.","Bilberry Fruit Extract supplies anthocyanin antioxidants; its popular 'natural AHA' label is not backed by real exfoliating activity.",{"slug":5131,"inci_name":5132,"category":1086,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":5133,"concerns_for":5134,"also_known_as":5135,"function":5138,"title":5136,"tldr":5139,"meta_description":5143,"updated_at":3996},"grape-seed-oil","Vitis Vinifera Seed Oil",[1149,1040,1007],[958,976],[5136,5137],"Grapeseed Oil","Vitis Vinifera Oil",[519,238,1211],{"does":5140,"for_whom":5141,"red_flags":5142},"Provides lightweight moisture and antioxidant polyphenols that help protect the skin barrier.","Oily and combination skin seeking a non-greasy facial oil.","Moderate comedogenic rating may not suit very acne-prone skin.","Grapeseed oil: its linoleic acid and proanthocyanidin content, clinical evidence, and who should use it.",{"slug":5145,"inci_name":5146,"category":1086,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":5147,"concerns_for":5148,"also_known_as":5149,"function":5152,"title":5146,"tldr":5153,"meta_description":5157,"updated_at":4631},"xanthan-gum","Xanthan Gum",[],[],[5150,5151],"Xanthan","Corn sugar gum",[1843,1539,522],{"does":5154,"for_whom":5155,"red_flags":5156},"A polysaccharide produced by bacterial fermentation of sugars, used to thicken water-based formulas and hold them together. It is what gives serums and gels their body and what keeps suspended particles from settling out in the bottle.","Nearly everyone, though not as a choice — it is a texture ingredient rather than an active, and it turns up in gels, serums, cleansers and creams at every price.","It does nothing for skin on its own, so a product cannot be judged better or worse for containing it. Gels built heavily on gums are the ones most likely to pill or roll when layered under sunscreen or makeup, which is a texture complaint rather than a safety one.","Xanthan Gum is a fermentation-derived thickener that gives serums and gels their body — a texture ingredient, not an active.",{"slug":5159,"inci_name":5160,"category":619,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":5161,"concerns_for":5162,"also_known_as":5163,"function":5164,"title":5160,"tldr":5165,"meta_description":5168,"updated_at":1232},"xylitol","Xylitol",[],[958],[],[619,2452],{"does":5166,"for_whom":5167,"red_flags":5035},"A plant-derived sugar alcohol that works as a humectant to support the skin's surface hydration and moisture balance. It is often paired with other sugars in hydrating complexes.","Dry and normal skin seeking gentle hydration.","A plant-derived sugar alcohol that works as a humectant to support the skin's surface hydration and moisture balance.",{"slug":5170,"inci_name":5171,"category":888,"safety_grade":1005,"skin_types":5172,"concerns_for":5173,"also_known_as":5174,"function":5177,"title":5179,"tldr":5180,"meta_description":5184,"updated_at":3996},"zinc-oxide","Zinc Oxide",[1103,1149,1040,1007,1132],[1009,67,976],[5175,5176],"Mineral SPF","Physical Sunscreen",[5178,1015],"UV-filter","Zinc Oxide (SPF)",{"does":5181,"for_whom":5182,"red_flags":5183},"Physically reflects and scatters UVA and UVB rays, protecting skin from sun damage and photoaging.","Everyone, including pregnant patients, children, and the most reactive or acne-prone skin types.","Can leave a temporary white or gray cast, especially on deeper skin tones, though modern micronized formulas have improved this significantly.","Zinc oxide is the broadest-spectrum mineral UV filter available — why it's a top sunscreen pick for sensitive, acne-prone, and pregnant skin.",{"slug":5186,"inci_name":5187,"category":1450,"safety_grade":1101,"skin_types":5188,"concerns_for":5189,"also_known_as":5190,"function":5192,"title":5187,"tldr":5193,"meta_description":5197,"updated_at":3996},"zinc-pca","Zinc PCA",[1149,1040,1132],[67,1408],[5191],"Zinc L-pyrrolidone carboxylate",[1756,1355,1413],{"does":5194,"for_whom":5195,"red_flags":5196},"A water-soluble zinc salt that regulates oil and keeps acne-causing bacteria in check.","Oily and acne-prone skin looking to control shine without drying out.","Minimal risk, though very high concentrations can feel tight or drying.","Zinc PCA explained: how this gentle zinc salt controls oil and breakouts, effective percentages, and what it pairs well with.",{"slug":5199,"inci_name":5200,"category":1004,"safety_grade":61,"skin_types":5201,"concerns_for":5202,"also_known_as":5203,"function":5204,"title":5205,"tldr":5206,"meta_description":5210,"updated_at":969},"ginger-extract","Zingiber Officinale Root Extract",[],[976,1009,977,1010],[],[238,1004],"Ginger Extract",{"does":5207,"for_whom":5208,"red_flags":5209},"A root extract with antioxidant compounds used to help protect and comfort skin and support a healthy-looking, refreshed appearance. It has warming, invigorating character.","Most skin types wanting antioxidant-soothing support.","Contains aromatic compounds that may irritate very reactive skin; patch test.","A root extract with antioxidant compounds used to help protect and comfort skin and support a healthy-looking, refreshed appearance."]