Atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis involves both a weakened skin barrier and an over-reactive immune response. Variations in genes such as filaggrin, which helps build the outer layer, are associated with the condition, and transepidermal water loss is typically higher than in unaffected skin. It often begins in childhood and frequently occurs alongside asthma and hay fever, though many people develop it as adults and many children improve with time.

Flares can be triggered by dry air, heat and sweating, harsh cleansers, fragrance, wool, stress or illness, and triggers differ between individuals. Skincare has a genuine supporting role: gentle fragrance-free cleansing, lukewarm rather than hot water, and generous, frequent use of emollients containing ingredients such as ceramides, glycerin and occlusives to hold water in the skin.

Supporting care is not the same as treatment. Prescription options exist and belong to a clinician; never borrow someone else's steroid cream. See a doctor for flares that spread, weep, crust or become painful, and for any skin change you cannot explain.