Emollient

An emollient is a moisturising ingredient that softens and smooths the skin by filling the gaps between surface cells. Common emollients include plant oils, squalane, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, esters, and butters such as shea.

As dead cells at the surface lift and separate, tiny gaps form between them. Emollients settle into these spaces, helping the skin feel smoother, softer, and more flexible while improving its appearance. Some emollients, particularly those resembling the skin's own lipids, can also support the skin barrier. Many ingredients act partly as emollients and partly as occlusives, since richer oils and butters both soften the surface and help slow water loss.

Emollients suit most skin types and are especially valued for dry, rough, or flaky skin. Lighter esters and oils tend to feel weightless, while butters and heavier oils give a richer, more cushioned finish.

People prone to congestion may prefer lighter, non-comedogenic emollients, as some richer oils and butters can feel heavy or contribute to clogged pores on acne-prone skin. Emollients are often combined with humectants and occlusives for a more complete moisturising effect.