Melasma

Melasma is a common form of acquired hyperpigmentation that produces symmetrical brown to grey-brown patches, usually on the cheeks, forehead, upper lip, and bridge of the nose. It results from overactive melanocytes depositing excess pigment, and it is strongly influenced by ultraviolet and visible light, heat, and hormonal factors such as pregnancy or hormonal contraception.

The condition is often chronic and prone to relapse, which makes consistent management more realistic than a promise of permanent clearance. Sun exposure is the leading aggravating factor, so daily broad-spectrum protection, ideally including defence against visible light through tinted or mineral formulas, is considered foundational. Because heat can also stimulate pigment, some people find flushing triggers worth minimising.

Ingredients frequently discussed in melasma routines include tranexamic acid, azelaic acid, kojic acid, niacinamide, and vitamin C, generally used to reduce pigment formation and even tone gradually. Aggressive exfoliation or strong actives can sometimes provoke inflammation that worsens the pigment, so cautious, gradual introduction matters. Melasma is a medical skin condition, and prescription options or professional procedures are often needed; a dermatologist can tailor treatment and help avoid approaches that backfire. Persistent, spreading, or treatment-resistant patches warrant professional care.