Retinoids

Retinoids are a family of vitamin A derivatives widely used in skincare to support cell turnover and the look of aging or blemish-prone skin. The category spans over-the-counter forms such as retinol, retinaldehyde (retinal), and retinyl esters, as well as prescription forms such as tretinoin and adapalene.

Once applied, most cosmetic retinoids are converted within the skin toward retinoic acid, the active form that interacts with receptors in skin cells. Through this pathway they can encourage faster cell turnover, support collagen, and help normalise the shedding of cells within pores. They are commonly used to address fine lines, uneven tone and texture, and clogged or blemish-prone skin.

• Gentler, slower: retinyl esters, low-strength retinol
• Stronger over-the-counter: higher-strength retinol, retinaldehyde
• Prescription: tretinoin, adapalene, tazarotene

Retinoids can cause dryness, flaking, redness, and an initial period of breakouts sometimes called purging. They are usually introduced slowly, a few nights per week, and paired with moisturiser and daily sunscreen. A patch test is often suggested, and use during pregnancy should be discussed with a clinician.