Exfoliation

Exfoliation is the removal of dead cells from the skin's surface, either by dissolving the bonds that hold them or by physically sloughing them away. It is used to support a smoother texture and a brighter, more even appearance, and to complement the skin's natural process of cell turnover.

Exfoliants fall into a few broad categories. Chemical exfoliants, such as alpha and beta hydroxy acids, loosen the connections between surface cells so they shed more readily. Physical exfoliants, including scrubs and cleansing tools, remove cells through friction. Enzyme exfoliants use enzymes, often plant-derived, to break down surface debris in a typically gentler way. The right choice depends on skin type and sensitivity.

• Introduce one exfoliant at a time and start with a low frequency.
• Choose gentler options if the skin is sensitive or reactive.
• Pair regular exfoliation with daytime sunscreen, as freshly exfoliated skin can be more sun-sensitive.

Over-exfoliation is a common problem and can leave the skin tight, stinging, red or more reactive, which is a sign to reduce frequency or pause entirely. More exfoliation is not better, and combining it with other strong actives on the same day increases the risk of irritation. If sensitivity, flaking or a damaged-feeling barrier persists, scaling back and seeking a dermatologist's guidance is advisable.