Free Radicals

Free radicals are unstable molecules carrying one or more unpaired electrons, which makes them highly reactive as they seek to steal electrons from neighbouring molecules. In skin, most relevant free radicals are reactive oxygen species generated by normal metabolism and amplified by external triggers such as UV light, pollution, and cigarette smoke.

Because they are so reactive, free radicals can damage cell membranes, proteins, and DNA. In skin biology this matters because they degrade collagen and elastin, disturb the barrier, and can activate enzymes that break down the dermal support structure. Over time this contributes to the visible signs of photoaging, including fine lines, loss of firmness, and uneven pigmentation. The chain-reaction nature of radical damage means one reactive molecule can trigger many, which is why the process is often described as cascading.

The skin has built-in defences and repair systems, but these can be overwhelmed when radical production outpaces them, a state described as oxidative stress. This is where routine and lifestyle intersect with skincare.

• Daily broad-spectrum sunscreen reduces UV-driven radical formation at the source.
• Topical antioxidants such as vitamin C and vitamin E (tocopherol) help neutralise radicals before they cause damage.
• Avoiding smoking and limiting pollution exposure lowers the overall radical burden.

It is worth noting that free radicals are not purely harmful; the body uses controlled amounts for signalling and immune defence. The goal of skincare is not to eliminate them entirely but to keep them in balance so that damage does not accumulate faster than the skin can repair.